WATER SYSTEM IN A BUILDING Flashcards
system consisting of building supply pipe, water distributing pipes, and necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves, and all appurtenances carrying or supplying potable water in or adjacent to the building or premises
WATER SYSTEM IN A BUILDING
combination of two chemical elements: hydrogen and oxygen
Water
natural state of Water
- liquid
- solid (ice)
- gas (water vapor or steam)
The Three Sources of Water
- Rain Water
- Natural Surface Water
- Underground Water
from roofs of buildings and special water shed and stored in cisterns or ponds
Rain Water
advantages
* water is soft and pure
* suitable for the hot water supply system
Rain Water
disadvantages
* only a source during the wet season
* storage becomes breeding place for mosquitoes
* roofs may be unclean
Rain Water
from streams and rivers
mixture of surface run-off and ground water
surface sources: rivers, lakes, ponds, and impounding reservoirs
Natural Surface Water
advantages
* usually easy to acquire and in large quantities
* for irrigation, industrial purposes, and when treated, for community water supply
Natural Surface Water
disadvantages
* large amounts of bacteria, organic and inorganic substances
* purification & treatment is necessary
Natural Surface Water
portion of rainwater which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called aquifers (water-bearing soil formation)
springs and wells: principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas
Ground water
advantages
* abundant supply
* requires less treatment because of natural filtering
Ground water
disadvantages
* may have organic matter and chemical elements
* usually, treatment is suggested
Ground water
plays an important part in the plumbing system
providing ______is one of the most critical utility requirement
universal solvent
Water
3 major stages of water cycle
- Evaporation
- Condensation
- Precipitation
liquid to gas
from the ground into the overlying atmosphere
Evaporation
water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog
Condensation
processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired eng-use
Water Treatment
process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water
Water Purification
water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb additional oxygen for better taste
Aeration
chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment to make it capable of combining into larger particles
Coagulation
physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each other and stick together
Flocculation
physical water treatment process used to settle out suspended solids in water under the influence of gravity
Sedimentation
water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles
Filtration
to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment.
- Disinfection
- Disinfection common methods
- ozone
- chlorine
- ultraviolet light (UV)
- sodium hypochlorite
excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers
well water: drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical turbine pump, a handpump or a mechanical pump
Wells
General Types of Well
- Shallow Well
- Deep Well
Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction)
- Dug Wells
- Driven Wells
- Bored Wells
- Drilled Wells
- Jetted Wells
excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or more men with shovels digging down to below the water table
can be lined with laid stones or brick; extending this lining upwards above the ground surface into a wall around the well serves to reduce both contamination and injuries by falling into the well
caissoning: more modern method; uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre- cast well rings that are lowered into the hole
Dug Wells
may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a “well point”, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated pipe)
the point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a tripod and “driver”, with pipe sections added as needed
driver: weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly dropped on it
When groundwater is encountered, the well is washed of sediment and a pump installed.
Driven Wells
dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters (100 ft) deep
diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches
The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
Bored Wells
can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer)
can get water from a much deeper level than can dug wells - often up to several hundred meters
Drilled Wells
makes use of a high velocity stream of water to excavate the hole and to carry the excavated material out of the hole
requires some type of pump, either motor or hand-powered, of reasonable capacity, as well as a supply of water
it is possible to separate the water and the excavated material in a settling pool or tank and to reuse the water, thus minimizing the quantity required
since this method depends on the erosive action of water, it is obvious that extremely hard materials cannot be penetrated
- Jetted Wells
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE
- Overhead Tank/ Gravity Supply Tank
- Cistern
- Pneumatic Water Tank
- Hot Water Tank
Range Boiler/ Storage Boiler
does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below
used in overhead feed system
Overhead Tank/ Gravity Supply Tank
waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water
often are built to catch and store rainwater
distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings
Modern cisterns: range in capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic metres, effectively forming covered reservoirs.
Cistern
typically, horizontal pressurized storage tanks
Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.
Pneumatic Water Tank
type of domestic hot water heater which uses a separate hot water tank which is connected to a heating boiler as well as to domestic hot water piping in the home
made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel
standard working pressure limit: 85 to 150 psi
Range Boiler
large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length)
made of heavy-duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint.
standard working pressure limit: 65 to 100 psi
Storage Boiler
TYPES OF FAUCETS
- Compression Cock
- Key Cock
Ball Faucet - Hose Bibb
operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet
Compression Cock
operates with a round tapering plug around to fit a metal sheet
Key Cock
constructed with a ball connected to the handle
Ball Faucet
water faucet made for the threaded attachment of a hose
Hose Bibb
water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or premises
Water Distribution system
Parts of Water Distribution System
Service Pipe
* Water Meter
* Distribution Pipe/ Supply Pipe
* Riser
* Fixture Branch
* Fixture Supply
pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply to the water distribution system of the building served
Service Pipe
device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service
Water Meter
pipe with in the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization
Distribution Pipe/ Supply Pipe
water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to branches or to a group of fixtures
Riser
water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water distributing pipe
Fixture Branch
water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch
Fixture Supply
Types of Water Distribution
(Cold Water Distribution System)
- Direct (Upfeed)
- Indirect
- Downfeed or Gravity System
- Hydro-pneumatic System (Air Pressure System)
water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public water main
- Direct (Upfeed)
water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity
Downfeed or Gravity System
Hydro-pneumatic System (Air Pressure System)
Tanks that use water and air under pressure are referred to as a hydropneumatic
tanks, or pressure tanks
: Compressed air is used in these tanks as a buffer or cushion that allows a surge-free delivery process
three functions for hydropneumatic
- to deliver water in a preset pressure range
- uses the pressure setting to monitor a pump from turning on too often.
- to buffer or lower pressure surges, much like a power surge protector.
Types of Hot Water Distribution
- Upfeed and Gravity Return System
- Downfeed and Gravity Return System
- Pump Circuit System
with a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water
hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation
hot water is immediately drawn from the fixture any time
provided economical circulating return of unused hot water
larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the building
- Upfeed and Gravity Return System
for a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings
- Pump Circuit System
(in plumbing) force required to move the water inside the pipe
the only means necessary to overcome friction
Pressure
pressure exerted by water at rest
Static Pressure
pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours
residential house: 30 to 40 psi
lower than this value = insufficient flow of water, especially, during simultaneous use of the fixtures
water pressure greater than 50 psi = pipe hammering or even bursting of pipe joints
Normal Pressure
device used to minimize excessive water pressure
Pressure Reducing Valve
to prevent water hammering
Air chamber
maximum and minimum pressure at which proper function of the water supply system can be maintained
Critical Pressure
the loss in rate of flow, due to friction between the water and the walls of the pipe
Friction Head Loss
variations in pressure between the water main and the outlet end of the water service
generally caused by friction
Other Causes of Pressure Loss:
* Simultaneous draw or use of water
* Height or distance to which the water must flow
* Fluctuation of water pressure in the water main
* Mineral element in water that adhere to the interior of the pipe reducing diameter
* Inadequate size of pipe
Pressure Loss
- Peak load
- Emergency draw
- Breakdown of lines or pumping unit
- Insufficient water level at the water system reservoir
Causes of Water Pressure Fluctuation from the Water Mains
maximum water discharge of fixtures in terms of fixture units
Maximum Demand
one factor to be considered in determining the size of water service pipe
question on how many fixtures will be used simultaneously at one point in time is difficult to ascertain but according statistical survey; “the fewer the number of fixtures installed, the higher the percentage of probability of simultaneous use, and the greater the number of fixtures installed, the lower the percentage of probable simultaneous use”
Probable Demand or Peak Load
this is one factor to be considered in determining the size of water service pipe. The question on how many fixtures will be used simultaneously at one point in time is difficult to ascertain but according statistical survey; “the fewer the number of fixtures installed, the higher the percentage of probability of simultaneous use, and the greater the number of fixtures installed, the lower the percentage of probable simultaneous use”
Probable Demand or Peak Load
- Public water distribution system usually has an average water pressure of 50 psi, that is only adequate to serve building less than 5 storey high.
- Taller buildings require additional pump equipment prepared by professional engineers who compute probable demand and the pressure loss due to head and friction.
Water Pumps and Lifts
The size of hot water tank depends on the following considerations
- The kind of building served
- The expected number of occupants
- The heating capacity of the supply device
positive displacement pump
use a piston, diaphragm, otherwise plunger for moving liquids
use check valves as the input and output valves
the general piston-pump is a rotary pump which uses a wheel or revolving shaft for operating the piston
used on small water distribution system for elevating water in wells or other sources
- Piston Pumps
Types of Piston Pumps
- The Single Action Pump
- The Double Action Pump
- The Duplex or Twin Piston Pump
Types of Pumps
- Piston Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the transfer of rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers
Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force along its circumference through the impeller’s vane tips
associated with tall building water distribution system
Centrifugal Pumps
necessary to avert serious damages of the installation in case of service breakdown
Valve
Types of Different Valves
Gate Valve
* Globe Valve
* Angle Valve
* Foot Valve
* Check Valve
* Safety Valve
used to completely close, or completely open the line but not necessarily to control the flow of water
connected to the main supply and pump line wherein operation is infrequent
name is taken from the gate-like disc that moves across the flow
- Gate Valve
Types of Gate Valves
The Wedged Shape or Tapered Disc
2. The Double Disc Valve
used where the stem must be installed pointing downward
The Wedged Shape or Tapered Disc
closes in the same manner as the wedged type, except that its parallel face drop in a vertical position, and are forced apart by the disc spreader
used in cold liquid and sewage disposal installation
The Double Disc Valve
actuated by a stem screw, and hand wheel, suited on installations that calls for throttling
affords greater resistance to flow than the gate valve because of the change in flow directions
Globe Valve
Types of Globe Valves
- The Plug Type Disc Valve
- The Conventional Disc Valve
- The Composition Disc Valve
has a wide bearing surface producing good resistance to cutting effects of scale, dirt and other kind of foreign matter found inside the pipe
- The Plug Type Disc Valve
has a pressure tight bearing between the disc and the seat recommended for cold water and any temperature service
- The Conventional Disc Valve
used for various types of services on oil, gasoline, steam, and hot or cold water
- The Composition Disc Valve
operates in the manner as the globe valve
available in similar range of disc and seat design
used in making 90° turn in a line to reduce the number of joints
Angle Valve
located at the lower end of pump
used to prevent loss of priming the pump
as retention valve
- Foot Valve
main function is to prevent the reversal flow of gas or liquid in the line
principally used in industrial piping connections for gas, water, steam, air and other general vapor services
- Check Valve
used on cold water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines, and other pipelines with excessive pressure
- Safety Valve
ELEMENTS OF THE DOMESTIC WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water (Street) Main
Water - Service Pipe
Water - Distribution Pipe
Fixture Branch
Fixture Supply
- water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public authority
Water (Street) Main
- pipe from the water main, water meter, water supply system or other approved source of water supply, to the building or structure served
Water - Service Pipe
- pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in the building
Water - Distribution Pipe
- pipe connecting several fixture
Fixture Branch
- water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch or directly to a main water supply pipe
Fixture Supply
- valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service connection
Corporation Cock
- part of the pipe curved like the neck of a goose, usually flexible
- the lead connection between a service pipe and water main
Gooseneck
- control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed between the sidewalk and the street curb
- used to shut off the water supply in case of emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued
Curb Stop or Curb Cock
- mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a pipe
Water Meter
- valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling device for the building installation
Meter Stop
- inserted into the water main
- serves as a control of water service
- serve as shut off, when the service is disconnected
The Corporation Stop
- installed between the curb and the sidewalk line accessible to cast iron stop box equipped with removable cover
- serves as control stop of the service between the curb and the building
- shut off water supply in case the basement becomes flooded
The Curb Stop
- controlling stop of the entire water supply in building
The Meter Stop
- device used to measure the amount of water that passes through the water service
The Water Meter
Water Supply & Distribution System
- By Direct Pressure System
- By Deep Well And Gravity Tank System
- By Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System
- By Combination Of Gravity Tank and Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System
Types of G.I. Pipe Fittings
- Nipple
- Couple
- Elbow
- Tee
- Reducer
- Bushing
- Plug
- Cap
- Union
- Flange
- Extension Piece
Nipple
a. short nipple
b. long nipple
c. close nipple
Elbow
a. reducing elbow
b. street elbow
- Union
a. thread piece
b. center piece
c. shoulder piece
- used in many industrial settings due to its chemical and thermal resistance, affordability, and cost
Polypropylene pipe
cold water piping
- PPR PN 10
hot & cold water piping
- PPR PN 20
made from ethylene, which can be derived from either crude oil or natural gas
- High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE or PE Pipe):
extremely strong, durable, flexible, corrosion free and chemical resistant. These features make it perfect for a variety of underground conditions and help it last up to 100 years.
* The smooth walls allow for less friction, which increase flow through the same diameter as that of other pipes.
Polyethylene (PE) Pipes
- form of plastic resin that was used extensively in the manufacture of water supply piping from 1978 until 1995.
Polybutylene
polybutylene piping systems
“the pipe of the future” and were used as a substitute for traditional copper piping * Due to the low cost of the material and ease of installation
