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GI and nutrition > Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

Organic, essential molecules that are required in tiny amounts to maintain normal growth, development, and metabolism. We cannot synthesize them in good amounts so we supplement from our diets.

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2
Q

What is the water soluble non-B complex vitamin?

A

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)

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3
Q

What are the water soluble energy releasing vitamins?

A

Thiamine (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin (vitamin B3), Biotin, Pantothenic acid.

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4
Q

What are the water soluble Hematopoietic vitamins?

A

Folic Acid, Vitamin B12.

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5
Q

What is the effect of acidity on B12 absorption?

A

Decreased acid production in the stomach decreases vitamin B12 availability since the acid helps release vitamin B12 from its bound protein.

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6
Q

Digesting and absorbing water soluble vitamins

A

1) Water soluble vitamins are usually bound to proteins.
2) Vitamins are hydrolyzed in the stomach from the protein complexes.
3) Most of the vitamins are absorbed in the upper small intestine with the exception of vitamin B12 which is absorbed in the ileum.
4) Most of the water soluble vitamins are excreted readily except for vitamin B12 and Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

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7
Q

What are the two water soluble vitamins that are stored?

A

Vitamin B12 and Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

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8
Q

Cofactors

A

accessory molecules that are important for protein or enzyme function. Could be inorganic (minerals) or organic (coenzymes)

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9
Q

Coenzymes

A

co-substrates for specific enzymes and are essential for the catalysis of metabolic reactions and they are recycled.

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10
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Tightly bound to enzymes or proteins and they are not released from protein or enzymes even after reaction.

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11
Q

What is the active form of riboflavin

A

FAD

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12
Q

Mnemonic for B-vitamins

A

The rhythm nearly proved fully contagious

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13
Q

B1

A

Thiamine

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14
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin

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15
Q

B3

A

Niacin

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16
Q

B6

A

Pyridoxine

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17
Q

B9

A

Folate

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18
Q

B12

A

Cobalamin

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19
Q

Food rich in thiamin

A

Meat, sunflower and grains

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20
Q

Active form of thiamin

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate

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21
Q

What decreases thiamin absorption

A

Alcohol consumption and folate deficiency

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22
Q

Function of thiamin

A

coenzyme for:

  • pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • Branched chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase
  • Transketolase
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23
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

Found in malnourished, homeless patients, alcoholics and weight loss diet. Symptoms: loss of appetite, irritability, apathy, confusion, and weight loss. In advanced stages, beriberi develops

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24
Q

Types of beriberi

A

Wet and dry. Wet affects the cardiovascular systems and dry beriberi affects the neurologic system.

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25
Q

Symptoms of dry beriberi

A

muscle wasting, pain, numbness, and tingling of the lower extremities making walking difficult.

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26
Q

Symptoms of wet beriberi

A

Edema

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27
Q

What food sources are rich in riboflavin

A

Milk, milk products (greek yogurt), liver, whole grains

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28
Q

Active forms of riboflavin

A

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

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29
Q

Function of riboflavin

A

prosthetic groups to many enzymes in oxidation reduction reactions

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30
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B2

A

Inflammation of membranes (cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis, seborrheic dermatitis), bloodshot eyes, sensitivity to bright light

31
Q

Food sources rich in B3 (Niacin)

A

meat, fish, poultry, peanut butter, mushrooms, asparagus, and fortified foods

32
Q

Forms of Niacin

A

Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide

33
Q

Active forms of niacin

A

NAD and NADP

34
Q

What can we use to make niacin?

A

Tryptophan

35
Q

Symptoms of Niacin deficiency

A

4Ds (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death), Pellagra (rough skin)

36
Q

Toxicity of Niacin

A

Can occur in patients taking high doses of Nicotinic acid for lowering LDL, triacylglycerols and increasing HDL. Symptoms: Niacin flush and itching

37
Q

Food sources of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A

Protein rich foods, starchy vegetables and non citrus fruits. Bananas!!

38
Q

Forms of Pyridoxine

A

Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine

39
Q

Active form of Pyridoxine

A

Pyridoxal phosphate which is used for amino acid metabolism

40
Q

Functions of Pyridoxine

A

Transamination reactions, deamination reactions, urea metabolism, conversion of tryptophan to niacin and synthesis of heme

41
Q

What causes Pyridoxine deficiency

A

newborn infants fed formulas low in B6, women taking oral contraceptives, alcoholics

42
Q

What is isoniazid used for? effect on vitamin B6?

A

Isoniazid is used for tuberculosis and binds to vitamin B6 causing deficiency

43
Q

What is penicillamine used for? effect on vitamin B6?

A

Penicillamine is used for Rheumatoid arthritis and leads to pyridoxine deficiency

44
Q

Toxicity of vitamin B6

A

Irreversible nerve damage

45
Q

Food sources of Folate

A

Dark Leafy vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, legumes, citrus fruits.

46
Q

Basic structure of a folate

A

Ring structure called pteridine, followed by PABA as a bridge molecule which in turn is connected to glutamate.

47
Q

Methyltetrahydrofolate

A

Inactive form of floats which makes it a good form for circulation but not within the cell.

48
Q

How is folate activated?

A

Vitamin B12 removes and keeps the methyl group which activates both folate and vitamin B12.

49
Q

Function of Folate

A

Synthesis of DNA, RNA, some amino acids so its critical for embryos in development. Also important for regeneration of methionine from homocysteine.

50
Q

Folate deficiency

A

weakness, fatigue, headache, palpitation and shortness of breath due to microcytic anemia. NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS!

51
Q

Drawback of giving Folate supplements?

A

May mask the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency and lead to neurologic damage.

52
Q

Methylmalonic acid Test

A

Its accumulation is an indication of vitamin B12 deficiency.

53
Q

Food sources of vitamin B12

A

Animal products only so vegans are deficient

54
Q

Active forms of cobalamin

A

methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin

55
Q

Digestion and absorption of B12

A

1) In stomach, HCl and pepsin release vitamin B12 bound to protein in food. Free vitamin B12 binds to R protein. Intrinsic factor is released by parietal cells
2) In duodenum, pancreatic enzymes cleave R-protein allowing vitamin B12 to bind to IF.
3) In ileum, IF receptors allow internalization of vitamin B12.
4) Vitamin B12 is released from IF and released to hepatic circulation and is transported bound to transcobalamin II.

56
Q

Where is R protein secreted from?

A

Salivary Gland

57
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B12 due to decreased Intake

A

Pure vegan diet, malnutrition

58
Q

Deficiency of vitamin B12 due to malabsorption

A

Decreased intrinsic factor, decreased gastric acid, and removal of terminal ileum

59
Q

What is Pernicious anemia?

A

Autoimmune inactivation of IF

60
Q

Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia, nerve damage, painful swollen tongue

61
Q

Biotin

A

Coenzyme that adds CO2 to compounds. Required for metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins

62
Q

ABC carboxylases

A

ATP, biotin, CO2 carboxylases

63
Q

Biotinidase enzyme

A

Enzyme responsible for recycling active forms of biotin

64
Q

Avidin

A

Molecule in egg whites that binds to biotin very tightly and causes a deficiency

65
Q

Symptoms of biotin deficiency

A

Weak muscles, seizures, hair loss, inflammatory skin rash, developmental delays

66
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Found in meat, milk and vegetables. Its a part of coenzyme A and is important for acetyl or acyl groups. It is essential of activation fatty acids and fat metabolism

67
Q

Relationship between Riboflavin and B6

A

FMN is important for the conversion of pyridoxine to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

68
Q

What other vitamin depends on FMN and PLP

A

Conversion of Trp into niacin

69
Q

Scurvy

A

Disease associated with muscle weakness, joint pain, impaired wound healing, loose tooth, bleeding and swollen gums, bruised skin and fatigue. Due to vitamin C deficiency

70
Q

Function of Ascorbic Acid

A 
Formation of collagen
water soluble antioxidant
synthesis of neurotransmitter
synthesis of carnitine 
enhances absorption of nonheme iron
71
Q

Ascorbic acid on Collagen synthesis

A

Catalyzes prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase

72
Q

Scorbutic gums

A

Common symptom of scurvy. Symmetrical appearance of lesions without infection in the gums of patients with vitamin C deficiency

73
Q

Toxicity of vitamin C

A

Vitamin C is metabolized to oxalic acid and excess can lead to oxalate kidney stones.

GI and nutrition (4 decks)

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