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GI and nutrition > Regulation of GI functions > Flashcards

Regulation of GI functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functional layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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2
Q

Which plexus is found in the submucosa

A

Submucosal plexus

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3
Q

Which plexus is found in the muscularis

A

Myenteric plexus

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4
Q

Another name for Submucosa plexus

A

Meissner’s plexus

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5
Q

Another name for Myenteric plexus

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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6
Q

Function of the submucosa plexus

A

Glandular secretion

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7
Q

Function of the myenteric plexus

A

Muscle movement

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8
Q

What are the two types of GI tract innervation?

A

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic

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9
Q

What is the intrinsic innervation of the GI tract?

A

Enteric Nervous System

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10
Q

Epigastric visceral pain

A

T7-T8. pain from stomach and small intestine

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11
Q

Periumbilical visceral pain

A

T10, pain from distal small intestine and proximal colon

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12
Q

Groin Visceral Pain

A

L1, pain from large distal large intestine and rectum

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13
Q

Preganglionic neurons are always______ and utilize ______ receptors

A

Cholinergic (Ach) and nicotinic Ach receptors

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14
Q

Postganglionic PSNS neurons utilize _____ and _____ receptors

A

Ach and muscarinic Ach receptros

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15
Q

Postganglionic SNS neurons utilize _____ and ____ receptors

A

NE and adrenergic receptors

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16
Q

Postganglionic neurons to sweat glands utilize _____

A

Ach

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17
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes

A

Epi

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18
Q

Actelycholine _____ smooth muscle, _____ internal sphincter, and ______ salivary, gastric and pancreatic secretions

A

Contracts
Relaxes
increases

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19
Q

Norepinephrine _____ smooth muscle, _____ internal sphincters, and _____ watery glandular secretions

A

Relaxes
contracts
reduces

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20
Q

Is somatostatin an endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, or neurocrine substance?

A

TRICK QUESTION! Endocrine (delta cells of pancreas) and paracrine (antrum of stomach controlling G cell)

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21
Q

Vasoactive intestinal peptide _____ smooth muscle but _____ salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretion.

A

Relaxes

Increases

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22
Q

Substance P is co-secreted with _____ and _____ smooth muscle and _____ salivary gland secretions.

A

Ach
Contracts
Increases

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23
Q

Enkephalins (opiates) _____ smooth muscle and sphincter and _____ glandular secretions

A

Contracts

reduces

24
Q

Opiates cause ____ because they disrupt normal contraction and relaxation cycles

A

Constipation

25
Q

Neuropeptide Y _____ smooth muscle and _____ glandular secretion

A

Relaxes

Reduces

26
Q

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) _____ gastrin secretion

A

Increases

27
Q

Gastrin is secreted by

A

G cells in antrum of stomach and duodenum.

28
Q

Gastrin is structurally related to

A

CCK

29
Q

Gastrin _____ gastric H+ secretion, _____ gastric mucosa, and ____ gastric motility

A

Increase
grow
Increase

30
Q

What stimulates gastrin secretion?

A

Dietary peptides and vagal stimulation

31
Q

Vagal innervation of G cell uses

A

Gastrin-releasing peptides (GRP)

32
Q

Acid in antrum stimulates

A

D cells

33
Q

D cells secrete

A

Somatostatin

34
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits G cells by paracrine action

35
Q

Gastrin binds to ____ receptors on ____ cell in the _____ of the stomach.

A

CCKb receptors
Parietal cells
Fundus

36
Q

Which pathway of gastrin action is more powerful?

A

Indirect

37
Q

Gastrin indirect pathway

A

Gastrin stimulates ECL cells to release histamine which activates parietal cells.

38
Q

Two classes of medicine to reduce stomach acid

A

H2 blockers

Proton-pump inhibitors

39
Q

CCKA are selective for _____ while CCKB bind _____

A

CCK

CCK and Gastrin (mostly gastrin)

40
Q

CCK is secreted from _____ cells in ______

A

I cells

Duodenum and Jejunum

41
Q

CCK is released in response to _____ and ____

A

Fat and protein

42
Q

CCK _____ gall bladder, ______ sphincter of Oddi, ____ secretion of primarily enzymes from exocrine pancreas and ______ gastric emptying

A

Contracts
Relaxes
Stimulates
Inhibits

43
Q

Secretin is secreted from _____ cells in ______

A

S cells in duodenum and jejunum

44
Q

Secretin is secreted in response to _____ and _____

A

H+ and fatty acids

45
Q

Secretin _____ secretion of HCO3- from pancreas and bile

A

Promotes

46
Q

Pancreatic Lipases are denatured by

A

Low pH

47
Q

Incretins are secreted in response to

A

glucose, protein, or fat load.

48
Q

Incretins relation to insulin

A

augments insulin release from pancreatic beta cell but only in presence of glucose.

49
Q

Main incretins are

A

GLP-1 and GIP

50
Q

GIP is secreted from

A

K cells in duodenum

51
Q

GLP-1 is secreted from

A

L cells in ileum and colon.

52
Q

Local reflexes of GI

A

Entirely within ENS. These reflexes control secretions, peristalsis, and mixing contractions.

53
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

Signals from stomach to cause evacuation of the colon.

54
Q

Enterogastric reflex

A

Signals from small intestine inhibit stomach motility and stomach secretion.

55
Q

Colonoileal reflex

A

Signals from colon inhibit emptying of ileal contents into the colon.

56
Q

Positive hypothalamic input (2 factors)

A

1) appetizing sight/smell/taste of food signals from cerebral cortex.
2) Gherkin from an empty stomach

57
Q

Negative hypothalamic input (3 factors)

A

1) Afferents from stomach relaying fullness
2) Gastrointestinal hormones - insulin, PYY, CCK
3) Adipose tissue - Leptin

GI and nutrition (4 decks)

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