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Vitamins > Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin C Chemical Name

A

Ascorbic Acid; Dehydroascorbic acid

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2
Q

Vitamin C RDA

A

90 mg/day for men

75 mg/day for women

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3
Q

Vitamin C absorption

A

Ascorbic acid by specific active transport system
Dehydroascorbic acid passively absorbed
Efficiency decreases with high intake

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4
Q

Food with Vitamin C

A

citrus fruits, peppers and green vegetables

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5
Q

Vitamin C storage

A

Serum and tissues: Pituitary and adrenal glands, eye, brain, kidneys, lungs, liver

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6
Q

Vitamin C excretion

A

urine

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7
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A 
antioxidant (in water based fluids)
reducing agent- affects iron absorption
Synthesis of body compounds: collagen 
Enhance immune system (free radical reduction)
Detox of drugs and carcinigens
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8
Q

Vitamin C and E relationship

A

restores Vitamin E to active form so that it can continue to act as an antioxident

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9
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

fibrous protein giving strength to connective tissues; important in wound healing

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10
Q

Vitamin C and immune response

A

Supplemental vitamin C can reduce the severity and duration of illness- due to antioxidant properties

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11
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy: Fatigue, pinpoint hemorrhages (petichiae)
Bleeding gums, poor wound healing, joint pain, fractures
Anemia, atherosclerotic plaques, depression

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12
Q

Who is at risk for Vitamin C deficiency

A

Alcoholics, elderly men, low fruit/veg intake, (smokers)

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13
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

GI distress, only achieved with supplementation

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14
Q

Measuring Vitamin C status

A

Serum ascorbic acid; leukocyte ascorbic acid (reflects tissue stores)

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15
Q

B Vitamins

A

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, B12, Folate, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin

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16
Q

Thiamin Chemical Names

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is coenzyme

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17
Q

Thiamin Absorption

A

Active transport into bloodstream, passive if high

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18
Q

Thiamin Transport

A

via RBC in blood

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19
Q

Thiamin Storage

A

storage is poor, 50% in skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Thiamin Excretion

A

urine

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21
Q

Thiamin Function

A

Energy metabolism: takes part in decarboxylation and converting pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
Pentose synthesis: Transketolation, generates 5 C structures and helps with DNA and RNA
Nerve conduction: may affect release of acetylcholine

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22
Q

Thiamin Deficiency

A

Beri Beri: Peripheral neuropathy
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Involuntary eye movement; double vision, ataxia: staggering, poor muscle coordination, mental confusion, “drunken stupor”

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23
Q

Thiamin Toxicity

A

No real toxicity, some issues with parenteral administration and can have a pharmacological affect with metabolic diseases

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24
Q

Thiamin Measurement

A

Functional assay, Transketolase in RBC (Blood)

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25
Q

Riboflavin (B2) Chemical name

A

Part of Coenzymes:
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

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26
Q

Thiamin Absorption

A

Active transport into bloodstream, passive if high

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27
Q

Thiamin Transport

A

via RBC in blood

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28
Q

Thiamin Storage

A

storage is poor, 50% in skeletal muscle

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29
Q

Thiamin Excretion

A

urine

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30
Q

Thiamin Function

A

Energy metabolism: takes part in decarboxylation and converting pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
Pentose synthesis: Transketolation, generates 5 C structures and helps with DNA and RNA
Nerve conduction: may affect release of acetylcholine

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31
Q

Thiamin Deficiency

A

Beri Beri: Peripheral neuropathy
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Involuntary eye movement; double vision, ataxia: staggering, poor muscle coordination, mental confusion, “drunken stupor”

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32
Q

Thiamin Toxicity

A

No real toxicity, some issues with parenteral administration and can have a pharmacological affect with metabolic diseases

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33
Q

Thiamin Measurement

A

Functional assay, Transketolase in RBC (Blood)

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34
Q

Riboflavin (B2) Chemical name

A

Flavin adenine diphosphate

Flavin mononucleotide

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35
Q

Riboflavin Absorption

A

Active transport (passive if high)

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36
Q

Riboflavin transport

A

via protein carrier in blood (albumin)

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37
Q

Riboflavin storage

A

some storage in tissues: heart, liver, kidney

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38
Q

Riboflavin excretion

A

via urine

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39
Q

Riboflavin Functions

A

accepts/donates electrons

participates in oxidation-reduction reactions (in ETC and TCA cycle); catabolism of fatty acids

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40
Q

Niacin storage

A

from liver to tissues where it is converted to NAD and NADH

41
Q

Who is at risk for Riboflavin deficiency?

A

alcoholics, phenobarbitol users, no milk intake

42
Q

Riboflavin RDA

A
  1. 1 mg/d for women

1. 3 mg/d for men

43
Q

Foods high in riboflavin

A

milk products, enriched or whole grains, liver

44
Q

Measuring Riboflavin

A

Functional assay, Glutathione reductase activity in RBCs (blood)

45
Q

Niacin RDA

A

14 NE/day for women

16 NE/day for men

46
Q

Foods high in Niacin

A

all protein containing foods, beef, pork, poultry, fish, milk, eggs, peanut butter, nuts, whole and enriched grains

47
Q

Niacin absorption

A

stomach and small intestine, active transport (passive if concentration is high)

48
Q

Niacin transport

A

30% protein bound

49
Q

Niacin storage

A

from liver to tissues where it is converted to NAD and NADH

50
Q

Niacin excretion

A

via urine as other metabolites

51
Q

Niacin Functions

A

participates in oxidation reduction reactions

participates in energy metabolism (glycolysis, TCA, ETC)

52
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellagra: only US malnutrition epidemic, in Southeastern US due to corn being the major food source in diet; cured in 1917 (Goldberger)

affects skin, GI tract, CNS; worsened by sun exposure

53
Q

Vitamin B6 storage

A

liver and muscle tissue

54
Q

Result of Pellagra in US

A

Enrichment Act of 1941

55
Q

Vitamin B6 excretion

A

urine

56
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

no toxicity from food alone
Supplementation: niacin flush, GI disturbances, liver damage
used pharmacologically to lower LDL and raise HDL

57
Q

Measuring Niacin

A

No functional test, measure metabolites in urine: ratio of 2 major products of niacin metabolism

58
Q

Vitamin B6 Chemical name/main coenzyme

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

59
Q

Vitamin B6 RDA

A

1.3 - 1.7 mg/day for adults (differs based on protein intake and medications)

60
Q

B6 toxicity

A

Nerve damage causing numbness

Muscle weakness, inability to walk
Convulsions
Skin lesions
Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches
*mostly due to supplementation
61
Q

Measuring B6 status

A

*Erythrocyte transketolase activities (functional); Plasma PLP (blood), urinary 4- pyridoxic acid

62
Q

Vitamin B6 storage

A

mostly taken up by liver

63
Q

Vitamin B6 transport

A

protein bound in blood (albumin)

64
Q

B12 Foods

A

produced by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae); only food source is animal products: organ meat, seafood, meat, poultry, eggs, cheese, milk, fortified cereals

65
Q

Vitamin B6 functions

A

Amino acid metabolism (transamination, deamination)
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Heme synthesis (erythropoiesis)

66
Q

Vitamin B6 and homocysteine metabolism

A

AA that is not in food, metabolic intermediate that can lead to athlerosclerosis
B6 (and B12 and folate) metabolize homocysteine and lower levels in the body

67
Q

B6 deficiency

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia: Small cells with little color

68
Q

Who is at risk for B6 deficiency

A

Alcoholics (acetaldehyde)
Infants, elderly
Renal patients

69
Q

B6 toxicity

A

Nerve damage causing numbness

Muscle weakness, inability to walk
Convulsions
Skin lesions
Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches
*mostly due to supplementation
70
Q

Measuring B6 status

A

*Erythrocyte transketolase activities (functional); Plasma PLP (blood), urinary 4- pyridoxic acid

71
Q

Ineffective B12 absorption

A 
Achlorhydria- slow stomach acid
Low IF 
Increasing age
Bacterial overgrowth
Medications to reduce acid production 
Malabsorption problems
72
Q

B12 RDA

A

2.4 ug/ day for adults

73
Q

B12 Foods

A

produced by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae); only food source is animal products

74
Q

R Protein

A

produced by salivary glands, binds with B12 in stomach acid which protects B12 from being consumed by intestinal bacteria. Protease (trypsin from pancreas) cleaves R protein off of B12 in small intestine

75
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

binds with B12 in small intestine and is absorbed into blood stream and bound to the transport protein transcobalamin

76
Q

B12 absorption

A

B12-IF complex absorbed slowly via receptors, Calcium is involved. Passive diffusion if concentration is high

77
Q

Folate Chemical Name

A

Folate, Folic acid, folacin

Coenzyme form: Tetrahydrofolate (THF)

78
Q

B12 storage

A

stored in liver for years

79
Q

B12 excretion

A

via bile, very little in urine

80
Q

Ineffective B12 absorption

A 
Achlorhydria- slow stomach acid
Low IF 
Increasing age
Bacterial overgrowth
Medications to reduce acid production 
Malabsorption problems
81
Q

B12 Functions

A 
DNA synthesis
Cell division
Folate metabolism: Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
Nerve function: maintains myelin sheath
Odd numbered fatty acid catabolism
82
Q

B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia
Nerve degradation
Elevated homocysteine

83
Q

Folate excretion

A

via urine and bile

84
Q

Who is at risk for B12 deficiency?

A

Elderly (gastric dysfunction): Atrophic gastritis, Hypochlorhydria
Alcoholics
Gastrectomy patients
Intestinal tapeworm infestation
Strict vegetarians: Can take 20-30 years in adults, Can take < 1 year in infants born to vegan mothers

85
Q

Measuring B12

A

Total B12 serum (blood); Methymalonic acid (urine), Shilling test for B12 deficiency from poor absorption

86
Q

Folate Chemical Name

A

Folate, Folic acid, folacin

Coenzyme form: Tetrahydrofolate

87
Q

Folate RDA

A

400 μg/day for adults

88
Q

Foods with Folate

A

fortified breakfast cereals and grains, leafy and green vegetables, beans, legumes, orange juice, liver

89
Q

Folate absorption

A

Absorbed in the monoglutamate form with the help of folate conjugase (impeded by Zn deficiency and conjugase inhibitors: legumes, cabbage)
Actively absorbed during low to moderate intake
Passively absorbed during high intake

90
Q

Folate transport

A

Delivered to the liver where it is changed back to the polyglutamate form

91
Q

Folate storage

A

liver

92
Q

Folate excretion

A

via urine and bile

93
Q

Folate Functions

A

DNA synthesis: transfer of single carbon units, synthesis of adenine and guanine (B12 and folate work together- needed to recycle THF)
Amino Acid metabolism: Neurotransmitter formation, Homocysteine metabolism

94
Q

Folate Deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Neural Tube Defects
Elevated risk of heart disease
Increased cancer risk

95
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Decreased DNA synthesis

Failure of cells to divide

96
Q

Neural Tube Defects

A

Spina bifida, anencephaly; important to take folate supplements during pregnancy

1996- Folate fortification became mandatory in Bread products, flour, corn grits, cornmeal, farina, rice, macaroni, and noodles

97
Q

Who is at risk for folate deficiency

A 
Pregnant women
Alcoholics
Elderly
Use of certain medications: antacids, oral contraceptives, chemotherapy, epilepsy
IBS, malabsorption
people in low income communities
98
Q

Measuring folate status

A

Plasma, serum, RBC levels (blood), FIGLU excretion (urine)

Vitamins (3 decks)

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