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Vitamins > Fat Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, K, E

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2
Q

Main difference between macronutrients and micronutrients

A

Micronutrients are non-energy yielding

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3
Q

General properties of fat soluble vitamins

A 
Soluble in fat and fat solvents
Excess stored in body
Excreted via bile
Deficiencies are slow to develop
Not necessary to consume daily
Have precursors or provitamins
Contain only CHO
Absorbed via lymphatic system
Some are toxic
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4
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin cannot be stored in the body?

A

Vitamin K

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5
Q

Chemical Name for Vitamin A

A

Preformed: Retinoids
ProVitamin: Caratenoids (main form beta-carotene

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6
Q

Vitamin A RDA

A

900 μg for men; 700 μg for women (preformed)

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7
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (retinoids)

A

animal products- liver, eggs, fish, fish oils, fortified milk and dairy

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8
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (caratenoids)

A

dark green and yellow/red vegetables, some fruits

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9
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin cannot be stored in the body?

A

Vitamin K

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10
Q

Chemical Name for Vitamin A

A

Preformed: Retinoids
ProVitamin: Caratenoids (main form beta-carotene

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11
Q

Vitamin A RDA

A

900 μg for men; 700 μg for women (preformed)

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12
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (retinoids)

A

animal products- liver, eggs, fish, fish oils, fortified milk and dairy

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13
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (caratenoids)

A

dark green and yellow/red vegetables, some fruits

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14
Q

General Digestion, Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion of Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Enzymes (especially from the pancreas) release vitamins from food during digestion –> bile aids in absorption in the SI along with dietary fat –> primarily stored in liver –> minimal excretion via bile

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15
Q

Vitamin A absorption

A

Dependent on fat in the diet; requires bile, digestive enzymes, integration into micelles

  • 90% retinoids absorbed
  • 3% caratenoids absorbed
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16
Q

The Visual Cycle

A

Cones: responsible for vision under bright lights. translate objects to color vision
Rods: responsible for vision in dim lights, translate objects to black and white

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17
Q

Vitamin A Storage

A

90% in liver

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18
Q

Vitamin A Excretion

A

mostly stored, minimally excreted via bile

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19
Q

Vitamin A Functions

A

Growth and Development
vision
reproduction
immunity

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20
Q

Vitamin A and Vision

A

Retinal turns visual light into nerve signals

Retinoic acid helps maintain normal differentiation of cells in the eye (cornea, rod cells)

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21
Q

Vitamin A and Immune Function

A

maintains epithelial cells- skin’s first line of defense

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22
Q

Rhodopsin

A

a molecule in rod cells that contain opsin and cis-retinal (Vitamin A)

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23
Q

Rhodopsin and bleaching process

A 
Exposure to bright light
cis-retinal to trans-retinal
Opsin released from retinal
Signal to brain
Retinal reused, some lost
Rhodopsin reformed
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24
Q

Vitamin A and growth and development

A

Retinoic acid is necessary for cellular differentiation
Embryo development and gene expression
Synthesis of bone protein and bone enlargement

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25
Q

Vitamin A and cell health and maintenance

A

Retinoic acid influences how cells differentiate and mature

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26
Q

Vitamin A and Immune Function

A

maintains epithelial cells- skin’s first line of defense

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27
Q

Vitamin A assessment

A

serum (blood)

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28
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Irreversible blindness due to Vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness –> decreased mucus production –> Development of Bitot’s spots, conjunctival xerosis –> Keratomatacia (softening of cornea)–> scarring

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29
Q

Follicular hyperkeratosis

A

Vitamin A deficiency: Normal underlying epithelial cells are replaced with keratinized cells and hair cells become plugged with keratin, rough and bumpy skin

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30
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

Vitamin A toxicity
Acute: headache, stomach ache, blurred vision, muscular uncoordination
Chronic: bone/muscle pain, hip fractures, skin disorders, hair loss, increased liver size
Teratogenic: spontaneous abortion and birth
defects

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31
Q

Hypercarotenemia

A

Beta-carotene toxicity: skin turns yellow/orange

32
Q

Vitamin A assessment

A

serum (blood)

33
Q

Vitamin D chemical name

A

califerol

34
Q

food sources of Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D3: eggs, milk, butter, fatty fish, fish liver oil

Vitamin D2: plants, fortified milk and cereals

35
Q

Vitamin D RDA

A

19-50 years: 15 mg/day (600 IU/d)

36
Q

Functions of Vitamin D

A

Regulates blood calcium levels
Calcitrol: Increased intestinal absorption of Ca, helps release Ca from bone into blood (with PTH) = higher Ca level in blood
Bone growth and maintenance
Cell differentiation: cancer cells (skin, breast, bone); skin cells, linked to reduction in development of breast, colon, & prostate cancers

37
Q

Vitamin D absorption

A

80% consumed is absorbed in micelles with dietary fat in small intestine

38
Q

Vitamin D transport:

A

via chylomicrons via lymphatic system

39
Q

Vitamin D storage

A

mainly in stored in fat tissue, or converted to 25-OH in liver and circulated throughout body. When stores are low kidneys are used to form D

40
Q

Measuring Vitamin D

A 
Measure serum (blood)
Serum 25-(OH)-D
Levels will vary with season, latitude, age
41
Q

Functions of Vitamin D

A

Regulates blood calcium levels
Calcitrol: Increased intestinal absorption of Ca, helps release Ca from bone into blood (with PTH) = higher Ca level in blood
Bone growth and maintenance
Cell differentiation: cancer cells (skin, breast, bone); skin cells, linked to reduction in development of breast, colon, & prostate cancers

42
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A 
Can be due to: 
Low or no exposure to sunlight
Decreased milk consumption
Fat malabsorption
(Skin pigmentation)

Rickets
Osteomalacia

43
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency: Inadequate bone mineralization in children
Symptoms:
Bowed legs
Outward bowed chest
Knobs on ribs
Delayed closing of fontanel; rapid enlargement of head
Muscle spasms

44
Q

Vitamin K non-food sources

A

synthesized by bacteria in colon (10% absorbed)

45
Q

Measuring Vitamin D

A 
Measure serum (blood)
Serum 25-(OH)-D
Levels will vary with season, latitude, age
46
Q

Vitamin K Chemical Name

A

Quinones
K1: phylloquinones
K2: menaquinones
K3: menadione

47
Q

Vitamin K AI

A

Men: 120 micrograms/day
Women: 90 micrograms/day

48
Q

Vitamin K food sources

A

K1: green leafy vegetables, broccoli, peas, green beans, vegetable
K2: animal tissues (liver, milk; intestinal bacteria)

49
Q

Vitamin K non-food sources

A

synthesized by bacteria in colon

50
Q

Vitamin K absorption

A

requires bile and pancreatic enzymes; 40-80% of dietary K is absorbed; 10% of synthesized (from bacteria)

51
Q

Vitamin K transport

A

via lipoproteins

52
Q

Vitamin K storage

A

limited amount stored in liver

53
Q

Who is susceptible to Vitamin K deficiency

A

newborns
people taking certain anticoagulants or antibiotics
impaired fat absorption
low intake of green vegetables (in older adults)

54
Q

Vitamin K functions

A

Converts glutamate to gamma-carboxyglutamate so that it is able to bind with Ca
Synthesis of blood clotting factors (prothrombin & others)
Synthesis of bone proteins
Blood vessel functions

55
Q

Vitamin K and bone formation

A

Synthesis of bone gla proteins
Osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts
Matrix gla protein found in protein matrix of bone
Ca binding properties

56
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Impaired fat absorption, hemmorage, bone/hip fractures

57
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

Not common, but can affect anticoagulant drugs

58
Q

Who is susceptible to Vitamin K deficiency

A

newborns
people taking certain anticoagulants or antibiotics
impaired fat absorption
low intake of green vegetables (in older adults)

59
Q

Transport of Vitamin E

A

via chylomicrons to liver where it is incorporated into liproproteins

60
Q

Vitamin E Chemical Name

A

Tocopherols; Tocotrienols

main type: alpha tocopherol

61
Q

Vitamin E RDA

A

15 mg/day for women and men

62
Q

Foods high in Vitamin E

A

Plant oils, nuts & seeds, wheat germ, asparagus

63
Q

Vitamin E additional functions

A

Prevents cell lysis
Protects PUFAs within the cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins
Prevents the alteration of cell’s DNA and risk for cancer development
Limits LDL oxidation, a contributor to atherosclerosis

64
Q

Transport of Vitamin E

A

via chylomicrons

65
Q

Storage of Vitamin E

A

stored in adipose tissue, muscle, liver

found in cell membranes (associated with phospholipids)

66
Q

Excretion of Vitamin E

A

via bile, some in urine

67
Q

Vitamin E main function

A

ANTIOXIDANT
donates electron to oxidizing agent and protects the cell from attack by free radicals and interrupts chain reaction in lipid membrane

68
Q

Vitamin E additional functions

A

Prevents cell lysis
Protects PUFAs within the cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins
Prevents the alteration of cell’s DNA and risk for cancer development
Limits LDL oxidation, a contributor to atherosclerosis

69
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia, Peripheral neuropathy

70
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Hemolysis, ruptured RBC membranes (Vitamin E deficiency)

71
Q

Free Radicals and disease

A

precancerous changes to DNA, oxidation of blood cholesterol initiating steps to heart disease, disabling lipids in cell membranes and proteins
can lead to a variety of diseases

72
Q

Who is at risk for Vitamin E deficiency

A 
Premature infants (limited stores, rapid growth)
People with fat malabsorption
73
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

Hemorrhagic
Inhibits vitamin K metabolism and anticoagulants
In premature infants, large oral or intravenous dose (10-30 mg E-Ferol) associated with kidney and liver failure.

74
Q

Measuring Vitamin E in body

A

Serum vitamin E concentration (blood); Erythrocyte hemolysis test (functional)

75
Q

Free Radicals

A

Molecule with unpaired electron, unstable
Include singlet oxygen, H2O2, ·OH, O2·-,O3, NO·
Generated in environment: air pollutants, cigarette smoke, pesticide
Generated in body: normal cell metabolism, immune system
Can destroy lipid membranes, DNA, protein and initiate a chain reaction creating more free radicals

76
Q

Free Radicals and disease

A

precancerous changes to DNA, oxidation of blood cholesterol initiating steps to heart disease, disabling lipids in cell membranes and proteins
can lead to a variety of diseases

77
Q

Antioxidants in food

A 
Vitamin E
Glutathione peroxidase (Se)
Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn, Mn)
Catalase
Phytochemicals (carotenoids)
Vitamin C

**combo is better than any one antioxidant

Vitamins (3 decks)

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