Water soluble vitamins Flashcards
thamin functions
- decarboxylation reactions
- synthesis of five carbon sugars for nucleotide synthesis
- nerve function
thiamin coenzyme form
thiamin pyrophasphate (TPP)
Thiamin - who is at risk for deficiency?
- people with alcohol use disorder
- all rice diet
thiamin deficiency symptoms
beriberi
* dry: nerve/muscle dysfunction
* wet: heart failure, edema
wernicke-korsakoff
thiamin symptoms of overdose
no upper level
riboflavin functions
- energy metabolism (FAD-FADH2 in citric acid cycle)
- B vitamin synthesis: niacin and B6
riboflavin coenzyme form
falvin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
riboflavin - who is at risk for deficiency?
poor overall diet
riboflavin deficiency symptoms
ariboflavinosis: inflammatino of mouth & tongue, cracked skin at corner of mouth
riboflavin symptoms of overdose
no upper level
niacin functions
- oxidation-reduction reactions
- accepts electrons in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
niacin coenzyme form
- NAD+
- NADP+
niacin - who is at risk for deficiency?
poor overall diet where most calories are coming from corn
niacin deficiency symptoms
pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
niacin symptoms of overdose
flushing, GI upset, liver damage
pantothenic acid functions
energy metabolism: CoA deliverars acetyl groups from fasts and carbohydrates to the citric acid cycle
pantothenic acid coenzyme form
coenzyme A (CoA)
panothenic acid - who is at risk for deficiency?
isolated deficiency rare/nonexistent
pantothenic acid deficiency symptoms
N/A
pantothenic acid symptoms of overdose
no upper level
vitamin B6 functions
- niacin synthesis from tryptophan
- glycogen breakdown
- metabolism of homocysteine –> cysteine
vitamin B6 coenzyme form
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
vitamin B6 - who is at risk for deficiency?
rare but possible with Parkinson’s or TB drugs
vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms
microcyctic hypochrmoic anemia
vitamin B6 symptoms of overdose
- tinlging/numbness
- nerve damage possible
biotin functions
coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes that add CO2 to other molecules
biotin coenzyme form
biotin is covalently added to several enzymes
biotin - who is at risk for deficiency?
- biotinidase deficiency (genetic disorder)
- diet high in raw eggs
biotin deficiency symptoms
extremely rare; did not discuss symptoms
biotin symptoms of overdose
no upper level
folate functions
- enzymatic reactions where a single carbon is transferred
- specific example: synthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate
folate coenzyme form
tetrahydrofilic acid (THFA)
folate - who is at risk for deficiency?
women who are or may become pregnant (due to effects on embryo)
folate deficiency symptoms
- lack of neural tube closure in developing embryo
- megaloblastic anemia
folate symptoms of overdose
excess intake can mask B-12 deficiency
vitamin B12 functions
- methionine synthesis from homocysteine
- regeneration of tetrahydrofolate
- metabolism of odd-umbered fatty acids
vitamin B12 coenzyme form
methylcobalamin
vitamin B12 - who is at risk for deficiency?
- Vegans (B12 only from animal sources)
- pernicious anemia (antibodies target intrinsic fatcro)
vitamin B12 deficiency symtoms
- megaoblastic anemia
- nerve degeneration
- high homocystein
vitamin B12 symptoms of overdose
no upper level
vitamin C functions
- antioxdant: regenerates vitamin E
- cofactor for metalloenzymes: reduces metal ions assoiated with enzyme
- collagen synthesis
vitamin C coenzyme form
ascorbic acid
vitamin C - who is at risk for deficiency?
poor diet with little to no fruits and vegetables
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
- scurvy: weak collagen leadin to bleeding, fractures, etc
- also causes fatigue and psychological symtoms
vitamin C symptoms of overdose
GI discomfort and diarrhea
