Chapter 14: water and major minerals

Question 1

hypotonic

Answer 1

low ion concentration, which results in swelling and subsequent rupture

Question 2

isotonic

Answer 2

concentraiton of ions outside the cell eqaul to that inside the cell

Question 3

hypertonic

Answer 3

high ion concentration, causes shrinkage of the cell

Question 4

source of water gain for the body

Answer 4

• fluids
• water content in food
• water produced from metabolism

Question 5

sources of water loss for the body

Answer 5

• skin perspiration
• lung respiration
• feces
• sensible losses (urine)

Question 6

what releases ADH

Answer 6

posterior pituitary

Question 7

what causes the release of ADH (vasopressin) and how it helps the body to conserve water

Answer 7

the hypothalamus receives signals if increased blood osmolarity from various receptors, stimulates the posterior pituitary

Question 8

dehydration can be caused by

Answer 8

• medical conditions where water is lost
• heavy exercise
• hot weather, dry environments, high altitudes

Question 9

major minerals

Answer 9

• need 100 mg or more daily
• found in larger quantities in the body

Question 10

trace minerals

Answer 10

needed/stored in smaller amounts

Question 11

processed foods are the largest dietary source of ___ for most people

Answer 11

sodium

Question 12

key functions of sodium in the body

Answer 12

• required for normal nerve and muscle function
• helps absorb glucose and some amino aicds in small intestine
• aids in water balance and maintains blood pressure

Question 13

sodium deficiency

Answer 13

• extremely rare as dietary deficiency
• vomitin and dirrhea, especially in infants can cause sodium depletion
• more commom cause of hyponatremia is excess water consumption

Question 14

excess sodium and upper level

Answer 14

• excess sodium generally gets excreted by the kidneys without serious acute effects
• greater than 2g/day leads to more calcium being excreted in urine, so far has not been linked to osteoporosis

Question 15

major functions of potassium

Answer 15

reduces calcium secretion
may blunt the effects of high salt intake and help keep blood pressure normal
* suppresses renin-angiotensin system
* promotes secretion of sodium and water

Question 16

hypokalemia

Answer 16

• can be immediately life-threatening due to arrythmia
• may occur with diuretic drugs or eating disorders

Question 17

hyperkalemia

Answer 17

• can also cause fatal arrhythmia
• not observed due to high dietary intake
• kidney disease, supplement overdose, potassium-sparing diuretics

Question 18

chloride function

Answer 18

helps maintain membrane potentials
almost all comes from table salt

Question 19

where is most chloride found

Answer 19

extracellular fluid

Question 20

major functions of calcium

Answer 20

• development and maintenence of bones and teeth
• blood clotting
• transmission of nerve impulses
• muscle contraction
• cell metabolism

Question 21

parathyroid hormone increases

Answer 21

• absorption from gut
• reabsorption from kidney
• resorption from bone

Question 22

phosphorus absorption is enhaned by

Answer 22

vitamin D

Question 23

most of the body’s phosphorus supply is in

Answer 23

bone (hydroxyapatite)

Question 24

phosphate functions

Answer 24

phosphates are the main intracellular anion

Question 25

phosphate is a component of

Answer 25

• ATP creatine phosphate
• DNA and RNA
• phospholipids
• other enzymes and cellular messengers
• regulation in acid-base balance

Question 26

key functions of magnesium

Answer 26

• stabilizes ATP
• contributes to bone strucutre and mineralization
• membrane protential
• adequate intake may reduce risk of meatbolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular disease

Question 27

sulfur is required for

Answer 27

• stabilization of protein structures
• detoxification (glutathione)