Chapter 12: fat-soluble vitamins

Question 1

fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with

Answer 1

dietary fat
* adequate absorption depends on bile and pancreatic lipase

Question 2

fat-soluble vitamins are stored in

Answer 2

liver and adipose tissue
* less storage of vitamin K

Question 3

retinoids

Answer 3

preformed vitamin A
* mostly animal sources
* found in liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, and eggs

Question 4

retinoid functions

Answer 4

• growth
• development
• cell differentiation
• vision
• immune function

Question 5

carotenoids

Answer 5

provitamin A
* need to be activated in body
* mostly plant sources (dark-green and yellow-orange vegetables and fruits)

Question 6

retinal is needed in the

Answer 6

retina

Question 7

reintal turns visual light into

Answer 7

nerve signals to the brain

Question 8

series of steps leading to the formation of active vitamin D

Answer 8

vitamin D –> vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) –> 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) –> 1-25, dihydroxyvitain D3 (calcitriol)

Question 9

functions of vitamin D

Answer 9

calcium absorption and maintenance of levels

Question 10

vitamin D may help regulate

Answer 10

• immune function
• the funciton of other hormones
• cell cycle

Question 11

rickets

Answer 11

abnormal mineralization of bones in children

Question 12

signs of rickets

Answer 12

• enlarged head, joints and ribcage
• deformed pelvis
• bowed legs

Question 13

rickets can be associated with

Answer 13

• fat malabsorption
• cystic fibrosis
• dark skin
• low milk intake
• minimal sun exposure

Question 14

osteomalacia

Answer 14

poor calcification of newly synthesized bone in adults

Question 15

osteomalacia can be seen in adults with

Answer 15

• imparied fat absorption
• dark skin
• limited UV exposure

Question 16

Vitamin D toxicity

Answer 16

upper level is set at 100mg/4000 IU day for 9 and older
above this can cause:
* excess blood calcium
* bone loss
* calcification in kidneys, heart, and lungs

Question 17

tocopherols

Answer 17

4 types of vitamin E
* alpha, beta, gamma, delta

Question 18

tocotrienols

Answer 18

4 tpyes of vitamin E
* alpha, beta, gamma, delta

Question 19

where is vitamin E most likely to be found in the body

Answer 19

adipose tissue

Question 20

role of vitamin E as an antioxidant in the cell membrane

Answer 20

antioxidant, especially in lipid-rich areas

Question 21

groups susceptuble to vitamin E deficiency

Answer 21

• those with fat malabsorption condition
• smokers
• preterm infants

Question 22

vitamin E deficiency is characterized by

Answer 22

• premature breakdown of RBCs, which leads to development of hemolytic anemia
• impaired immune function
• neurological changes in spinal cord and peripheral nervous system

Question 23

Phylloquinones source

Answer 23

plants, the main biologically active form

Question 24

menaquinones source

Answer 24

• fermented foods
• bacteria in large intestine

Question 25

Vitamin K function

Answer 25

used for posttranslational modificaiton of proteins: coenzyme synthesis of Gla domains

Question 26

key proteins with Gla:

Answer 26

• prothrombin and other coagulation factors
• osteocalcin

Question 27

warfarin

Answer 27

decreased formation of the active version of vitamin K