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Regulatory Approaches - water protection 💦❤️ > Water quality regulation > Flashcards

Water quality regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the WFD?

A

The WFD (2000/60/EC) provides for general protection of aquatic ecology for ALL water resources (including ground water)

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2
Q

What has WFD done?

A

Impacted various levels of environmental management of aquatic resources and triggered the reorganisation of water management by hydrological catchments, rather than administrative borders. WFD was a radical shift - Biotic communities are now at the focus to assess the status of rivers, lakes & ecosystems.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main types of standard?

A

1) Target / exposure standard (protecting a Target species )
2) Environmental quality standards - protect environment & uses of environment
3) Standards set at the source - end of pipe standards

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4
Q

Discuss target standards 💀

A

Developed by the government to protect the TARGET (public / particular species) from harmful substances that may cause health problems based on risk assessments & toxicity studies.

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5
Q

What is a case study for target standards ? 🇺🇸

A

US EPA inform maximum contaminant levels for chemicals in drinking water

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6
Q

What are the national primary drinking water regulations legally enforced under?

A

Safe Drinking Water Act 1974.

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7
Q

What are issues associated with target / exposure standards?

A

Need to understand :

1) ALL pathways / sources / forms 2) Susceptible species / individuals to pollution 3) Vulnerable groups to different exposure 4) what is safe in terms of long term exposure

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8
Q

What are Environmental Quality Standards?

A

Standards and targets to help protect & improve environmental (water) quality. They are designed to protect specific uses / values of the environment including wildlife and nature & controlled risks for humans (consumptive uses : abstraction / irrigation) / non consumptive : bathing, angling.

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9
Q

What are chemical standards?

A

Numeric values expressed as a chemical concentration in an environmental medium eg water, sediment, soil. Describe
concentrations not expected to cause harm to environmental organisms / human health.

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10
Q

A case study for water quality objectives.

A

ANZECC guidelines and water quality objectives in New South Wales. They prove government and the community with a framework for conserving ambient water quality in rivers, estuaries and marine waters.

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11
Q

What does ANZECC stand for?

A

The Australian and New Zealand Environmental Conservation Council

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12
Q

Discuss NSW water quality objectives.

A

For each NSW catchment the state government has endorsed the community’s environmental values for water known as WQO. Adopted in 1998.

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13
Q

What objectives in NSW were produced in 2005?

A

Marine water quality objectives for NSW oceanic waters agreed by the government in 2005.

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14
Q

For each issue / pressure, what has been set under ANZECC?

A

Key indicators to measure whether the community’s desired environmental values are at risk. Eg aquatic ecosystems - total P , total N And chlorophyll a.

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15
Q

What are fundamental to the ANZECC guidelines?

A

Trigger values for different water quality indicators may be given as a threshold value of a range of desirable values.

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16
Q

What is an Early EU Quality objective standard? 🌊

A

Bathing Waters Directive (76/160/EEC)

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17
Q

When was the Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC) revised?

A

2006/7/EC. Updated & simplified. Required member states to monitor and assess Bathing Water for at least 2 parameters of faecal bacteria.

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18
Q

What must BWD (2006/7/EC) inform the public about? 🏊

A

About beach management via bathing water profiles

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19
Q

What should BWD (2006/7/EC) profiles contain?

A

Kind of pollution and sources that affect the quality of the bathing water and are a risk to bathers health. Thus the EC introduced a symbol on bathing water classification in 2011.

20
Q

What does BWD (2006/7/EEC) compliment?

A

WFD under which bathing waters are one of the protected areas.

Also Marine Strategy Framework Direcrice in contributing in reaching ‘good ecological status’ by 2020.

21
Q

What does the EC and European EA publish every year?

A

A summary report on bathing water quality based on information provided by member states.

22
Q

What do the annual bath water quality summary report contain?

A

They track water quality at more than 21000 bathing sites across the EU, Switzerland and Albania. It assess the percentage of bathing water meeting stringent standards / sites meeting basic standards / failing sites (association with agriculture / sewage flows)

23
Q

What specific protection does WFD provide?

A

Specific protection of:

Habitats (unique / valuable)
Drinking water resources
Bathing waters

24
Q

What are the WFD objectives?

A

To achieve good status. Good chemical status, good ecological status & good groundwater status. For ground water , good / bad is based on chemical monitoring.

25
Q

What is the daughter directive of WFD that provides European EQS for water?

A

Environmental quality standards directive (2008/105/EC). A specific direction to pull chemical status / standards together.

26
Q

What does the Environmental quality standards directive (2008/105/EC) provide?

A

Annual average (AA) and Maximum allowable concentration (MAC)

27
Q

What are particularly focussed in the directive (2008/105/EC)

A

Toxic, persistent / bio accumulating substances including PCBs and other heavy metals

28
Q

What does WFD recognise?

A

Variability across Europe.

29
Q

What does the WFD establish due to variability among Europe?

A

1) a set of procedures for MS
2) UK Tag - coordinated advice on scientific and technical aspects
3) inter calibration comparing classification results of national monitoring systems

30
Q

Who is UK TAG and what do they do? What is their involvement in the second cycle of RBMP?

A

UK Technical Advisory Group.

Work to review and update classifications and objectives for the 2nd cycle will be carried out on the basis of new and updated standards based on recommendations from the UK Technical Advisory Group (“UKTAG”) on the Water Framework Directive, a partnership of the UK environment and conservation agencies. These recommendations reflect the latest scientific understanding of the standards needed for a healthy water environment.

31
Q

UK Tag?

A

working group of experts drawn from UK environment agencies and conservation agencies2.

UKTAG develops guidance and makes recommendations to the UK’s government administrations on technical aspects of implementation of the Water Framework Directive to help with river basin planning.

It operates through a series of technical task teams established for specific subjects including chemicals, marine waters; water resources, groundwater and fresh-waters, and recommendations are made following stakeholder engagement.

UKTAG’s role includes:

🌟provision of technical advice on appropriate classification tools and classification rules for chemical, biological and physical quality elements and the environmental standards for achieving different WFD status and how they may be used for river basin planning.

32
Q

What does inter calibration for WFD involve?

A

The coastal and transitional waters inter calibration exercise. Carried out within 4 Geographical Intercalibration Groups - Baltic, Black Sea, Mediterranean & NE Atlantic.

33
Q

What is a key action set for the coastal and transitional waters Intercalibration exercise?

A

A key action set by WFD to carry out benchmarking or Intercalibration to ensure good ecological status represents the same level of ecological quality across Europe . It ensures values are consistent with Directive’s generic description and comparable to boundaries proposed by other MS.

34
Q

How is good ecological status defined 🐌🐛🐝

A

Quality of the biological community

Hydrological characteristics

Chemical characteristics

35
Q

What does WFD allow for?

A

Lower standards (heavily modified / artificial waters) - lower Severn

Higher standards - designation of Protected Areas

36
Q

Discuss the standards set at the source.

A

Process specification / design standards / product standards

Emission / effluent (performance) standards

Cross media approach.

37
Q

Dices process specification for at the source standards

A

Urban Waste Water Directive (91/15/EC). Relates to levels / types of wast water treatment. Updated (98/15/EC) Clarifies the requirements of the Directice in relation to discharges from urban waste water treatment plants to sensitive areas which are subject to eutrophication.

38
Q

What are the specific requirements of the Urban Waste Water Directive (98/15/Ec)

A

Collection and treatment of waste water for agglomerations > 2000

Secondary treatment of all discharges from agglomerations of > 2000 p.e

More advanced treatment for agglomerations > 10000

Monitoring performance of treatment plants and receiving waters

39
Q

Discuss the emission / effluent standards for at the source targets in terms of English / Welsh discharge consents

A

Industry (trade/ sewage) allowed to discharge specific pollutants into the aquatic environment.

40
Q

What is required to get a discharge consent?

A

Written authorisation required for discharge of anything other than clean, uncontaminated surface waters to:

Surface waters
Ground waters

Must be obtained from the relevant environmental regulator (EA/NRW)

41
Q

Discharge consents have certain conditions attached that limit the amount and concentration that operators can discharge. Consents should ensure that discharges DO NOT threaten the environment. What are the 3 main substance consent issued for?

A

Suspended solids

BOD

ammonia

42
Q

What is the EC Dangerous Substances in Water (76/464/EEC)

A

Uniform emission standards - the same Chemical standards across a particular area / administration.

The EC Dangerous Substances in water (76/464/EEC) is a community policy concerning dangerous / hazardous substances in European waters

43
Q

What does a cross media approach relate to? ☄💦🌳 how does the IPPC relate to this?

A

IPPC aims to prevent to reduce emissions to air water and land from industrial activities, including elimination or waste reduction to protect the environment as a whole.

44
Q

Discuss IPPC & aims (2)

A

Integrated pollution prevention and control. Directive 2008/1/EC. Promotes an integrated approach to carry through from the initial permitting of the installation tp restoration of sites when industrial activities cease.

2 aims:

1) to achieve a high level of protection for environment and human health
2) prevent, reduce and eliminate pollution by prioritising efforts on the most significant industrial and agricultural activities .

45
Q

What activities do thr IPPC regulate?

A

Activities of significant sites (installations) of

Raw mats and energy use 
How sites operate and technology used 
Emissions into air, water and land 
How any waste produced is managed 
Accident prevention
46
Q

What must operators of new or proposed installations must apply for?

A

A permit from the Regulator (EA/ NRW or LA)

Regulatory Approaches - water protection 💦❤️ (6 decks)

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