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geography 1 > Water on the Land > Flashcards

Water on the Land Flashcards

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1
Q

A source is?

A

where a river begins

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2
Q

A mouth is?

A

where a river enters the sea

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3
Q

Tributaries is?

A

smaller rivers that join a larger river channel

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4
Q

A confluence is?

A

where a tributary joins a larger river channel

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5
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

The area of land drained by a single river system.

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6
Q

A watershed is ?

A

the edge of the drainage basin

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7
Q

What is a long profile?

A

the entire length of the river from source to mouth.

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8
Q

What is a discharge?

A

The volume of water being carried in the river chanel

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9
Q

What is erosion?

A

The breakdown of rock and sediment by moving forces.

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10
Q

Name two types of erosion?

A

Vertical - the downward erosion of the river channel caused by the downward pull of gravity on the river water. This occurs on the upper course and creates and steep sided cross profile.
Lateral- The sideways erosion of the river channel. This occurs in the middle and lower course and creates a very wide, flat cross profile.

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11
Q

Abrasion is?

A

Where the river’s flow throws sand and sediment against the river bed and banks.

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12
Q

Hydraulic action is?

A

where the rivers flow erodes the bed and banks

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13
Q

Attrition is?

A

where particles carried in the river rub against each other and are worn down.

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14
Q

Corrosion is?

A

The action of aids and salts in river water corroding the bed and banks.

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15
Q

What is Transportation?

A

The movement of sediment from one place to another

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16
Q

Traction is?

A

The rolling of larger boulders on the river bed

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17
Q

Saltation is?

A

The bouncing of smaller boulders on the river bed.

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18
Q

Suspension is?

A

When sediment is carried in the body of water.

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19
Q

Solution is?

A

When the sediment is dissolved in water.

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20
Q

What is deposition?

A

The dumping of the sediment load carried in the waves. Encouraged by reduction in flow, a fall in discharge or an obstruction in flow.

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21
Q

Bedload is?

A

The sediment that is too large to be carried in the water and is found on the river bed (moved by traction and saltation at times of high flow).

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22
Q

Angular bedload is?

A

found in the upper course it is very jagged, not been smoothed via erosion.

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23
Q

Suspended load is?

A

The sediment that is arried in the water (moved by suspension and solution.

24
Q

What are the landforms of erosion?

A

V shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls and gorges created by the erosive power of the river. Usually found in upper course of the river.

25
Q

The four types of landform are?

A

V shaped valley- Vertical erosion in the upper course creates these steep sided narrow valleys. The river cuts down and weathering and mass movement work on the valley sides. Over time steep sides form.
Interlocking spurs- areas of hard, resistant rock that the rivers flow around found in the upper course.
Waterfalls- A steep drop in the river’s course. Formed where a band of resistant rock overlays a band of less resistant rock. The softer rock is eroded by more, causing the undercutting of the harder rock. Abrasion and hydraulic power create a plunge pool, which over tie undermines the harder rock. The hard cap rock eventually collapses and the waterfalls retreats back forming a gorge.
Gorge- A retreating waterfall creates a steep sided gorge, an extremely steep sided cutting.

26
Q

what are the landforms of erosion and deposition?

A

Landforms created by erosion and deposition e.g meanders and oxbow lakes. Usually found in the middle to lower course of the river.
Meander bends in the rivers course. On the outside of the meanders bend the water is deeper and current flows fast (higher velocity). The force of the water erodes and creates a river cliff. on the inside of the bend the water is shallower and flows slower which encourages decomposition. Sediment is deposited which creates a slip-off slope. An underwater current spirals down the river and carries the eroded material from the river cliff to the slip off slope. (helicodial flow).
Oxbow lake is created due to continued erosion of the outside of the meander bend and deposition on the inside eventually leads to a very narrow neck. During times of high flow the neck maybe broken creating a new straight channel.

27
Q

What is a meander scar?

A

A dried up old oxbow lake found on the floodplain.

28
Q

A flood plain is?

A

A wide flat area of land either side of the river in the lower course. in the lower course the river carries large volumes of suspended sediment. When the river floods this sediment is deposited on the surrounding land known as silt and highly fertile.

29
Q

A river cliff is?

A

A steep cliff found on the outside of a meander and created by erosion (abrasion and hydraulic power).

30
Q

What is a slip- off slope?

A

A beach or bank found on the inside of the meander bend created by deposition.

31
Q

Helicodial flow is?

A

An underwater current spirals down the river and carries the eroded material from the river cliff to the slip off slope.

32
Q

A sinuous is?

A

A highly bendy river.

33
Q

Levees is?

A

A natural embankments of alluvium either of the river of the lower cords.

34
Q

What is a delta?

A

When a river enters the sea it my form a delta. If the sea current is extremely weak the river deposits sediment which then builds up out of the sea.

35
Q

What are distributaries?

A

Small river channels that fan across a delta.

36
Q

Name factors effecting discharge?

A

Physical- Prolonged rainfall, heavy rain and snowmelt

Human factors- Urbanisation and deforestation

37
Q

Prolonged rainfall is?

A

Long steady periods of rainfall can lead to high discharge even flooding.

38
Q

What is heavy rain?

A

A short burst of heavy rain that leads to high discharge and even flooding. Boscatsle 2004

39
Q

What is snowmelt?

A

Rapidly melting snow can increase discharge leading to flooding.

40
Q

What are rock types? name 4 rock types?

A

Rock types effect the rate infiltration, how quickly the rain water soaks into the ground.
Permeable- Water is allowed to pass through the rock e.g. limestone
Impermeable- Water is not allowed to pass through a rock e.g. granite
Porous- When a rock has pores through which water can pass e.g. chalk.
Non porous- When a rock does not have pores, and so water can not pass through e.g. slate.

41
Q

How does land used effect the rate of surface run- off?

A

A woodland absorbs more water and has less runoff than an urban area.
Deforestation- Cutting down trees and forest reduces interception (trees and their leaves intercept rain water and stop it from hitting the ground reducing the likelihood of flooding) and increases surface runoff ( The movement of water across the land surface).
Urbanisation- The increase in towns and cities increases surface runoff. Water can not absorb into concrete and tarmac.

42
Q

What is infiltration?

A

When water absorbs into the land.

43
Q

Saturation is?

A

When something is completely full of water.

44
Q

What is peak discharge?

A

The highest level of discharge, shown as the highest point on the line.

45
Q

Peak rainfall is?

A

The highest level of rainfall, shown as the tallest bar.

46
Q

Lag time is?

A

The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge. The shorter lag time the more chance there is of flooding.

47
Q

Rising limb is?

A

The first part of the line that climbs towards peak discharge. This is the river responding to rainfall event.

48
Q

Falling limb is?

A

The second part of the line that falls after peak discharge. This is river level falling back down after rain has stopped.

49
Q

What is a hydrograph?

A

A graph that shows how a rivers discharge response to a rainfall event. The rainfall is shown by bars and the discharge as a line. The time between peak rainfall ( the tallest bar) and peak discharge ( the highest point of the line) is known as the lag time.

50
Q

A flashy hydrograph is?

A

A hydrograph with a short lag time and a very high peak discharge. This shows flash floods.

51
Q

Frequency and location of UK floods?

A

Climate change has brought milder and wetter weather especially during the summer and many floods occur in August, in the west. Cumbria 2009, Tewkesbury 2008 & 2007, Boscastle 2004.

52
Q

What is a flash flood?

A

A burst of short and heavy rain that leads to and intense rapid flood. Shown by a short lag time and high peak discharge. Boscastle 2004.

53
Q

Name hard and soft engineering techniques?

A

Dams and reservoirs (Hard- Artificial use of hard structures to prevent flooding). Reservoirs provides a sustainable supply of water. The use of sustainable measures to lessen the impact of flooding.

Straightening meanders (Hard) to increase flow of water away from risk zone (e.g. Mississippi river, USA). Can lead to further flooding downstream.

Raising levees (Hard) Natural levees can be heightened to increase the capacity of the river to hold water (Mississippi river, USA) Increases the level of water in the river so any flooding is worse if it occurs.

Warn people (soft) people can be warned by TV, Radio, phone, text and social media. But this may come too late and people may not be listening/ watching.

Afforestation (soft) the planting of trees to increase interception and reduce runoff (Yellow river, China). Doesn’t prevent flooding just lessens the chance of flooding.

Flood plain zoning (soft), when building on the flood plain is zoned according to risk. Land close to the river is farmland and woodland, then minor roads and playing fields, and then furthest away major roads, homes and hospitals (Rhine river).

Water meadows (soft). Areas directly next to the river that are allowed to flood to absorb excess water (Rhine river, Germany). Takes land out of economic use.

Preparation (soft). People buy sand bags and waterproof their homes/ belongings to prevent major damage. Some people won’t do this.

54
Q

What demand is?

A

The demand society has for consuming water. It is increasing in the UK and across the globe.

55
Q

Areas of deficit is?

A

Where areas don’t receive enough rainfall and have a large population that consumes a lot of water (South east of the UK)

56
Q

Areas of surplus is?

A

Areas that receive to much rainfall and has a small population that consumes little water (North west of the UK)

57
Q

Water transfer and sustainable supply is?

A

Where water in the UK is transferred from areas of surplus to areas of deficit via pipeline. e.g. North west to the south.

geography 1 (6 decks)

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