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geography 1 > Population change > Flashcards

Population change Flashcards

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1
Q

What does exponential growth mean?

A

Rapid, year on year population growth.

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2
Q

Birth rate is?

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.

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3
Q

Death rate is?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.

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4
Q

Natural increase is?

A

Where the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

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5
Q

Natural decrease is?

A

Where the birth rate is lower than the death rate.

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6
Q

How do you work out the annual population change?

A

The birth rate minus the death rate plus or minus migration.

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7
Q

What is the name given to a graph that shows an exponential rise?

A

‘J shape’ graph

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8
Q

The name given to a graph that shows exponential growth slowing and levelling off is?

A

‘S shape’ Graph

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9
Q

Migration is?

A

The movement of people either into or out of an area.

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10
Q

What is emigration?

A

The movement of people out of an area

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11
Q

Immigration means?

A

The movement of people into an area

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12
Q

What is the Demographic transition model?

A

A graph that shows how countries pass through different stages of population growth over time.
The DTM shows changes in birth rate, death rate and natural population.
There are 5 stages. Progression through each stage is associated with economic development (i.e. Afghanistan in stage 2 is at a lesser stage of development than France in stage 5).

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13
Q

What is population structure?

A

The composition of the countries population by age and sex.

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14
Q

A census is?

A

Population data including age, sex and occupation.

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15
Q

Population pyramid is?

A

A graph that shows the population structure of a country.
Horizontal bars are used to show actual numbers of males and females in each five year age group (0-4, 5-9 ect). They give a good visual impression of a country’s population structure as it progresses through the DTM.

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16
Q

What is an apex and what does it show?

A

The tip of a population pyramid. A high apex show long life expectancy.

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17
Q

What is a base and what does it show?

A

The bottom of the population pyramid. A wide base shows high birth rate.

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18
Q

What is the name given to the population structure of a country in stage 1 or 2?

A

‘funnel shape’

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19
Q

What is the name given to the population structure of a country in stage 3 or 4?

A

‘Rectangular shape’

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20
Q

What is the name given to the population structure of a country in stage 5?

A

‘Oval shape’

21
Q

Dependents are?

A

Those in the population either retired or below the working age. They pay no tax and are dependent on the economically active.

22
Q

Those in the population who work and pay tax are called?

A

Economically active.

23
Q

Dependency ratio is?

A

The ratio between the dependence and the economically active.

24
Q

Gender skew is?

A

A skew in the population structure towards either males or females (e.g. Calcutta, India has a male gender skew as many young men move to the city to find work).

25
Q

Urbanisation is?

A

Growth in proportion of a population living in urban areas.

26
Q

Agriculture change is?

A

The increase in mechanisation of agriculture has reduced the need for families to have large numbers of children.

27
Q

How does education help change the population?

A

Education lowers education growth. With education comes more opportunities and mobility.

28
Q

What is emancipation of women?

A

The freedom of women to have a career and make their own life choices.

29
Q

What are the implications of rapid population growth?

A

Social (resource shortages, rising crime, poor living standards, lack of services, overcrowding)
Economic (unemployment, burdened economy, large number of dependents)
Environmental (overgrazing, shortages of clean water, deforestation, soil erosion, land shortages, traffic congestion, pollution)
Political (wars, tensions, unstable governments)

30
Q

Sustainable population change is?

A

When population growth is at or very close to replacement level.

31
Q

What is replacement level?

A

When birth rate is at a level that replaces the current population, leading to no real increase or decrease. This is about 2.1 babies per women.

32
Q

Name a strategy used by a government to reduce rapid population growth and give an example?

A

Population policy/ anti-natal policy

One child policy in China, or Kerala’s alternative population policy in India.

33
Q

Name an ageing dependent population?

A

France is a country with a high dependence ratio. It has a high number of elderly dependents and a declining birth rate. This is stage 5 of the DTM and an over shaped pyramid. Large pressures are placed on the economically active to provide for the rest of the population.

34
Q

What country has a pro natal policy and for what reason?

What incentives are there?

A

France adopted this policy in order to increase a declining birth rate. Incentives are offered to young couples such as 3 years maternity leave to encourage them to have more children.

35
Q

What is an incentive?

A

A benefit offered to people in order to persuade them to do something.

36
Q

EU means?

A

European union.

37
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Migration within a country

38
Q

What is International migration?

A

Migration between countries and across borders.

39
Q

What are push factors?

A

The factor people dislike about being where they live. e.g. poverty, land shortages, poor services, remoteness.

40
Q

What are pull factors?

A

The factors that attract people to move. e.g. better paid jobs, reliable services, schools, hospitals, infrastructure.

41
Q

What is brain drain?

A

When young educated people emigrate out of an area.

42
Q

Bright light syndrome is?

A

The unreal expectations some migrants place on urban living- they expect glitz and glamour- when in reality what they find is very different.

43
Q

Voluntary migration is?

A

When someone makes the decision to move.

44
Q

Forced migration is?

A

When people have no other choice but to migrate (becoming refugees)

45
Q

Economic migration is?

A

Migrants seeking a better standard of living and the hope of higher income.

46
Q

What is a refugee?

A

A forced migrant who is displaced, often by war, famine or drought.

47
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

Refugees who lodge a claim with another countries government in order to find safety within its borders.

48
Q

Country of origin is?

A

The country which migrants have left.

49
Q

Destination country is?

A

The country migrants move to and decide to live in.

geography 1 (6 decks)

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