Water Management Schemes

Question 1

Why is Singapore considered to have water scarcity?

Answer 1

Limited land for the collection of rainwater.
High evaporation rate due to tropical climate.
Lack of groundwater resources.

Question 2

What is the recycled water scheme in Singapore called?

Answer 2

NEWater

Question 3

What is NEWater?

Answer 3

High-grade recycled water produced from used water that is treated and further purified using ultraviolet disinfection.

Question 4

NEWater meets up to wha percentage of Singapore’s demands?

Answer 4

30%

Question 5

Singapore has an agreement with which country and up to what year to import water?

Answer 5

Malaysia up to 2061

Question 6

What does smart irrigation provide and what does it cause?

Answer 6

Provides crops with a suboptimal water supply causing mild stress during crop growth stages that are less sensitive to moisture deficiency.

Question 7

A six year study of winter wheat production on the North China Plain showed water savings of how much?

Answer 7

25%

Question 8

In Australia, regulated smart irrigation of fruit trees increased water productivity by approximately how much?

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

Australia’s regulated smart irrigation of fruit trees increased water productivity by 60% and which two other positives?

Answer 9

Gain in fruit quality and no loss in yield

Question 10

What does controlled irrigation such as drip-feed ensure?

Answer 10

Water goes directly into the soil next to the roots of crops, which prevents evaporation losses

Question 11

What does WaterAid do?

Answer 11

Raises funds to improve access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene for some of the worlds most poorest people.

Question 12

Example of WaterAid’s work

Answer 12

Kitayita Villiage, Uganda

Question 13

How many people lack access to safe water in Kitayita?

Answer 13

3,000

Question 14

What are rainwater harvesting jars produced from and what is their capacity?

Answer 14

1,500 litres

Question 15

What are rainwater harvesting jars usually designed to do?

Answer 15

Collect rainwater from roofs and store water for drier periods

Question 16

What has been the objective of creating rainwater harvest jars?

Answer 16

Help the community construct on-site water supplies, close to home, removing the need for old or infirm people to travel long distances across difficult terrain to collect water.

Question 17

What is causing Israel to manage its water supplies efficiently?

Answer 17

Natural geography and politics

Question 18

The National Water Carrier was developed to transfer water from where to where?

Answer 18

Sea of Galilee in northern Israel to the highly populated centre of the country and dry south.

Question 19

Israel’s current water-management strategies include managing limited supplies through what ways?

Answer 19

Using smart irrigation.
Recycling sewage water for agricultural use.
Virtual water
Conservation techniques
‘Real value’ prices.

Question 20

How many crops are produced in Israel through recycling sewage water for agricultural use?

Answer 20

65%

Question 21

What is virtual water in Israel?

Answer 21

Reducing agricultural consumption and importing water in food as virtual water

Question 22

How does Israel use ‘real value’ prices of water?

Answer 22

Managing demand by charging ‘real value’ prices for water to reflect supply costs which include ecosystem management.

Question 23

How does Israel acquire new supplies?

Answer 23

Importing 50 million tonnes of water per year by ship from Turkey.
Piping seawater from the Red Sea and Mediterranean to new inland desalination plants

Question 24

What is the situation regarding the restoration of aquifers in Saudi Arabia?

Answer 24

In the 1980’s, Saudi Arabia pioneered the use of circular irrigation systems to grow enough wheat to feed itself and its neighbours, using water from its own aquifers. Water levels within its aquifers fell sharply. Now, the government imports grain and wheat farms have been abandoned to reduce demands upon aquifers supplying irrigation water.

Question 25

What percentage of Singapore’s water has been traditionally supplied by Malaysia?

Answer 25

80% until 2010

Question 26

By how much has water consumption per capita fell in Singapore between 2000 and 2015 and by what measures?

Answer 26

165 litres per day to 150 litres per day.

Through metering the water supply and educating the public.

Question 27

To what have leakages been cut to in Singapore?

Answer 27

5%

Question 28

What happens to water prices if water usage goes above a certain level in Singapore?

Answer 28

Prices of water rises. Water prices are scaled.

Question 29

What protects the poorest citizens from expensive water in Singapore?

Answer 29

Subsidies

Question 30

Under northeast London lies Britain’s only artificially-recharged aquifer used for public supply. What is it called?

Answer 30

North London Artificial Recharge Scheme

Question 31

After the 2006 drought, North London Artificial Recharge Scheme spent how much to improve its potential daily output from 150 million litres a day to how many litres a day?

Answer 31

£6 million

From 150 litres to 180 litres

Question 32

NLARS can supply 180 million litres a day of extra water which is enough for how many people?

Answer 32

1.2 million.

Question 33

How many boreholes can take water out of NLARS when needed?

Answer 33

48

Question 34

When was NLARS used?

Answer 34

1997, 2003, 2005, 2006

Question 35

Why is water in Denmark so expensive ($9.7 per cubic metre)?

Answer 35

Developed nations are attempting to reudce water consumption by increasing the cost to the customer.

Question 36

Why is water in Kenya still relatively expensive ($4 per cubic meter)?

Answer 36

Access to clean drinking water requires construction and maintenance of expensive infrastructure that also disposes of and treats used water.
PEOPLE WITH PIPES IN HOUSING PAY LESS.
Street venders are expensive

Question 37

Why does water in the UK cost $2.5 per cubic meter?

Answer 37

Water supplies have been privatized to make profit, the theory being that competition drives down prices.