Water Management Schemes Flashcards
Why is Singapore considered to have water scarcity?
Limited land for the collection of rainwater.
High evaporation rate due to tropical climate.
Lack of groundwater resources.
What is the recycled water scheme in Singapore called?
NEWater
What is NEWater?
High-grade recycled water produced from used water that is treated and further purified using ultraviolet disinfection.
NEWater meets up to wha percentage of Singapore’s demands?
30%
Singapore has an agreement with which country and up to what year to import water?
Malaysia up to 2061
What does smart irrigation provide and what does it cause?
Provides crops with a suboptimal water supply causing mild stress during crop growth stages that are less sensitive to moisture deficiency.
A six year study of winter wheat production on the North China Plain showed water savings of how much?
25%
In Australia, regulated smart irrigation of fruit trees increased water productivity by approximately how much?
60%
Australia’s regulated smart irrigation of fruit trees increased water productivity by 60% and which two other positives?
Gain in fruit quality and no loss in yield
What does controlled irrigation such as drip-feed ensure?
Water goes directly into the soil next to the roots of crops, which prevents evaporation losses
What does WaterAid do?
Raises funds to improve access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene for some of the worlds most poorest people.
Example of WaterAid’s work
Kitayita Villiage, Uganda
How many people lack access to safe water in Kitayita?
3,000
What are rainwater harvesting jars produced from and what is their capacity?
1,500 litres
What are rainwater harvesting jars usually designed to do?
Collect rainwater from roofs and store water for drier periods
What has been the objective of creating rainwater harvest jars?
Help the community construct on-site water supplies, close to home, removing the need for old or infirm people to travel long distances across difficult terrain to collect water.
What is causing Israel to manage its water supplies efficiently?
Natural geography and politics
The National Water Carrier was developed to transfer water from where to where?
Sea of Galilee in northern Israel to the highly populated centre of the country and dry south.
Israel’s current water-management strategies include managing limited supplies through what ways?
Using smart irrigation. Recycling sewage water for agricultural use. Virtual water Conservation techniques ‘Real value’ prices.
How many crops are produced in Israel through recycling sewage water for agricultural use?
65%
What is virtual water in Israel?
Reducing agricultural consumption and importing water in food as virtual water
How does Israel use ‘real value’ prices of water?
Managing demand by charging ‘real value’ prices for water to reflect supply costs which include ecosystem management.
How does Israel acquire new supplies?
Importing 50 million tonnes of water per year by ship from Turkey.
Piping seawater from the Red Sea and Mediterranean to new inland desalination plants
What is the situation regarding the restoration of aquifers in Saudi Arabia?
In the 1980’s, Saudi Arabia pioneered the use of circular irrigation systems to grow enough wheat to feed itself and its neighbours, using water from its own aquifers. Water levels within its aquifers fell sharply. Now, the government imports grain and wheat farms have been abandoned to reduce demands upon aquifers supplying irrigation water.
What percentage of Singapore’s water has been traditionally supplied by Malaysia?
80% until 2010
By how much has water consumption per capita fell in Singapore between 2000 and 2015 and by what measures?
165 litres per day to 150 litres per day.
Through metering the water supply and educating the public.
To what have leakages been cut to in Singapore?
5%
What happens to water prices if water usage goes above a certain level in Singapore?
Prices of water rises. Water prices are scaled.
What protects the poorest citizens from expensive water in Singapore?
Subsidies
Under northeast London lies Britain’s only artificially-recharged aquifer used for public supply. What is it called?
North London Artificial Recharge Scheme
After the 2006 drought, North London Artificial Recharge Scheme spent how much to improve its potential daily output from 150 million litres a day to how many litres a day?
£6 million
From 150 litres to 180 litres
NLARS can supply 180 million litres a day of extra water which is enough for how many people?
1.2 million.
How many boreholes can take water out of NLARS when needed?
48
When was NLARS used?
1997, 2003, 2005, 2006
Why is water in Denmark so expensive ($9.7 per cubic metre)?
Developed nations are attempting to reudce water consumption by increasing the cost to the customer.
Why is water in Kenya still relatively expensive ($4 per cubic meter)?
Access to clean drinking water requires construction and maintenance of expensive infrastructure that also disposes of and treats used water.
PEOPLE WITH PIPES IN HOUSING PAY LESS.
Street venders are expensive
Why does water in the UK cost $2.5 per cubic meter?
Water supplies have been privatized to make profit, the theory being that competition drives down prices.
