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Geography > Water EQ1 > Flashcards

Water EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a system?

A

Something that is made up of different components that work together in an interconnected way to perform a function.

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2
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system where only energy can pass into and exit the system.

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3
Q

What is a store?

A

Places where water is held

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4
Q

What is a flow?

A

A process that moves water from one store to another e.g. evaporation

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5
Q

What is a flux?

A

We call a flow a flux if we know a quantity

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6
Q

The Earth is an open hydrological system TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE - The Earth is a closed hydrological system because no amount of water can enter or leave the system

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7
Q

Why is solar energy important for the Earth’s hydrological system?

A

It provides energy to move water around the planet alongside gravity.

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8
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s water is from the oceans?

A

96.5%

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9
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s water if freshwater?

A

2.5%

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10
Q

Describe the difference between percolation and infiltration

A

Infiltration is the transition of water from above ground into soil whereas percolation id the downwards movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity.

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11
Q

What two processes does evapotranspiration combine (describe)

A

Combing evaporation from the surface of vegetation and transpiration through plants.

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12
Q

Interception and throughfall are often confused, what are their differences?

A

Interception is rain caught by vegetation before hitting the ground, whereas throughfall is rain that falls through vegetation and reaches the ground

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13
Q

What is soil throughflow?

A

Movement of water not due to gravity in the soil, but due to differences in hydrostatic pressure.

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14
Q

Give an example of surface storage?

A

Lakes, rivers, reservoirs

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15
Q

Explain the meaning of term cryoshere

A

The frozen water part of the Earth’s hydrological system e.g. glaciers

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16
Q

Explain the meaning of the term permafrost

A

If the ground stays frozen at least two year in a row, it may occur in patches or cover a large area.

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17
Q

Residency times can be describes as the…

A

average amount of time a water molecule will stay in a store.

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18
Q

The longest residency times are found …

A

in glaciers and ice caps

19
Q

The shortest residency times are found…

A

in biospheric water

20
Q

Give an example of a fossil aquifer around the world

A

The Ogallala aquifer. It was formed under past climate conditions and is no longer being replenished.

21
Q

A drainage basin…

A

Looks at a hydrological system, at a smaller regional scale. At this scale the system can be classed as an open system as there are inputs and outputs.

22
Q

A watershed it…

A

The boundary of the drainage basin

23
Q

Name the largest and smallest drainage basins

A

Largest= Amazon drainage basin = 7.05 millionkm2
Smallest = Tombarasi river = 20m

24
Q

What factors affect the inputs, stores, flows and outputs of a drainage basin?

A

Climate
Soils
Relief/Topography
Vegetation
Geology
Humans

25
Q

What are the three main causes of precipitation?

A

Orographic
Convectional
Frontal

26
Q

Describe orographic rainfall

A

Caused by the relief of the land forcing water vapour to rise and cool

27
Q

Describe convectional rainfall

A

Caused by the heating of the Earth’s surface leading to more buoyant parcels of humid air rising

28
Q

Describe frontall rainfall

A

Caused by warmer air masses rising above denser, colder air masses

29
Q

What is a monsoon climate?

A

The increase in temperature in coastal regions causes a formation of rain clouds and more monsoons to fall

30
Q

How can humans disrupt the flows and stores within a drainage basin 4 factors

A

Deforestation
Urbanisation
Over abstraction
Hydroelectric schemes
Irrigation for available farming

31
Q

State and explain three impacts of deforestation on the hydrological system

A

Reduced tree cover, increased surface run off leading to more flood prone rivers and soil-erosion
Reduced evapotranspiration leads to less water vapour decreasing precipitation
It can degrade soils, degraded soils can’t hold water

32
Q

What is driving deforestation in the Amazon basin?

A

70-80% of deforestation occurs due to cattle farming
20-30% is Soybean and palm oil production

33
Q

A river regime is…

A

The difference in the discharge of the river throughout the year

34
Q

Define Soil Moisture surplus

A

Precipitation is greater than potential evapotranspiration and the soil water store is full

35
Q

Define Soil Moisture Utilisation

A

Potential evapotranspiration increases and exceeds precipitation. Water is gradually used up.

36
Q

Define soil moisture deficiency

A

The soil water store has been used up by high rates of evapotranspiration and low precipitation

37
Q

Define soil moisture recharge

A

When potential evapotranspiration decreases so that it’s lower than precipitation

38
Q

What is Field Capacity?

A

At this point the soil is full of water and can’t hold anymore

39
Q

What is a simple river regime? Give an example

A

A simple river regime has a distinctive low flow and high flow season e.g. The Rhone basin

40
Q

What is a complex river regime? Give an example

A

A complex river regime tends to affect larger rivers as they are affected by multiple high flow and low flow seasons e.g. The Nile River

41
Q

A flood hydrograph is how a river responds after a rainfall event. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

42
Q

What are some factors affecting the shape of a hydrograph?

A

Geology
Intensity of rainfall
Human intervention
Topography
Vegetation
Urbanisation

43
Q

What is the difference between a ‘flashy’ and a ‘flat’ river?

A

A ‘flashy’ river has a high peak discharge, steep rising limb and a short lag time, whereas a ‘flat’ river has a low peak discharge, gentle rising limb and a long lag time.

Geography (6 decks)

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