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Physical Geography- Water and Carbon > Water Cycle Stores > Flashcards

Water Cycle Stores Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of water is stored in oceans

A

96.5%

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2
Q

What percentage of water is stored in icecaps

A

1.9%

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3
Q

What percentage of water is stored in groundwater

A

1.1%

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4
Q

What percentage of water is stored in rivers and lakes

A

0.01%

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5
Q

What percentage of water is stored in soil moisture

A

0.01%

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6
Q

What percentage of water is stored in atmospheric moisture

A

0.001%

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7
Q

What is the residence time of water in oceans

A

3600 years

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8
Q

What is the residence time of water in icecaps

A

15000 years

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9
Q

What is the residence time of water in groundwater

A

Up to 10000 years

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10
Q

What is the residence time of water in rivers and lakes

A

2 weeks to 10 years

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11
Q

What is the residence time of water in soil moisture

A

2-50 weeks

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12
Q

What is the residence time of water in atmospheric moisture

A

10 days

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13
Q

What is the volume of water in oceans

A

1335040 km cubed

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14
Q

What is the volume of water in icecaps

A

26350 km cubed

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15
Q

What is the volume of water in groundwater

A

15300 km cubed

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16
Q

What is the volume of water in rivers and lakes

A

178 km cubed

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17
Q

What is the volume of water in soil moisture

A

122 km cubed

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18
Q

What is the volume of water in atmospheric moisture

A

13 km cubed

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19
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

The outermost part of the Earth. It includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle

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20
Q

What is the hydrosphere

A

Includes all the water on Earth. It may be in liquid form (lakes and rivers), solid form (ice stored in the cryosphere) or gas form (water vapour in the atmosphere)

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21
Q

What is the atmosphere

A

Layer of gas between the Earth’s surface and space, held in place by gravity

22
Q

What is the biosphere

A

The part of the Earth system where things are found. It includes all the living parts or the Earth -plants, animals, birds, fungi, bacteria etc

23
Q

What is cryosphere

A

All parts of the Earth system where it’s cold enough for water to freeze e.g. glacial landscapes

24
Q

What are the 5 main locations of cryospheric water with named examples

A 
Sea ice e.g. Ross Ice Shelf
Ice caps e.g. Icelandic ice cap
Ice sheets e.g. the Greenland ice sheet
Alpine glaciers e.g. Mer de Glacé, France
Permafrost e.g. the Alaska North Slope
25
Q

How does sea ice form

A

When water in the oceans is cooled below freezing. Sea ice doesn’t raise the sea level when it melts as it forms from ocean water

26
Q

What is an ice sheet

A

A mass of glacial ice extending more than 50,000km2. Together the Antarctic and Greenland Ice sheet contain more then 99% of freshwater on earth.

27
Q

How do Ice Sheets form

A

In areas where snow falls in winter and doesn’t entirely melt in summer. Over thousands of years, the layers of snow pile up into thick masses of Ice growing thicker and denser as the weight of new snow compresses the older layers

28
Q

What are ice caps

A

Thick layers of ice on land that are smaller than 50,000km2. They are found in mountainous areas such as Himalayas. Rockies, Andes and Southern Alps of New Zealand. They cover almost everything in their path becoming the major source for glaciers

29
Q

What are Alpine Glaciers

A

Thick masses of ice found in deep valleys or in upland hollows. Many feed major rivers e.g. 15000 Himalayan glaciers support rivers such as Indus and the Ganges

30
Q

What are permafrosts

A

Permanently frozen ground that remains at or below 0 degrees for at least 2 consecutive years. It’s thickness varies from less than one metre to more than 1,500 metres

31
Q

What is states does atmospheric water exist in

A

Gas, Liquid and Solid

32
Q

What does the most common atmospheric water and what is it

A

It’s a gas: water vapour

33
Q

What is important about water vapour

A

It absorbs, reflects and scatters incoming solar radiation, keeping the atmosphere at a temp that can maintain life.

34
Q

What is an example of positive feedback related to water vapour

A

A small increase in water vapour will lead to an increase in atmospheric temps. This would lead to a rise in global water vapour levels, this enhancing the atmospheric warming

35
Q

What are the 4 classes of terrestrial water

A

Surface water
Ground water
Soil water
Biological water

36
Q

What are the 3 types of surface water

A

Rivers
Lakes
Wetlands

37
Q

What do rivers act as

A

A store and a transfer of water

38
Q

What are lakes

A

Collects of fresh water found in hollows on the land surface

39
Q

What are wetlands

A

Areas of marsh, fen or peatland where that is a dominance of vegetation

40
Q

What is the largest river

A

The Amazon as it accounts for one fifth of the worlds total river flow

41
Q

What is the largest lake

A

The Caspian Sea at 78,000km2

42
Q

What is groundwater

A

Water that collects in rock pores

43
Q

What is soil water important

A

It affects weather and climate, runoff potential and flood control, soil erosion, reservoir management and wage quality

44
Q

Why is soil moisture important

A

It’s a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration

45
Q

What happens to biological water if vegetation is destroyed

A

The store is lost to the upper atmosphere

46
Q

How much of the planets surface do oceans cover

A

72%

47
Q

What percentage of water are in rivers

A

0.0002%
1,000,000 km2 of earth covered
2,120 km2 volume

48
Q

What type of water are the majority of earths lakes

A

Freshwater

49
Q

Where are most lakes found

A

Northern hemisphere at higher latitudes

50
Q

What do wetlands support

A

Aquatic and terrestrial species

51
Q

What is biological water

A

All water stored in biological mass

52
Q

How do clouds form

A

air in the lower layers of the earth’s atmosphere becoming saturated due to cooling of air or an increase in water vapour

Physical Geography- Water and Carbon (16 decks)

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