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Water Use Efficiency > Water Conservation Practitioner II > Flashcards

Water Conservation Practitioner II Flashcards

1
Q

The four pillars of Resource Management

A
  1. Better Management
  2. Full Cost pricing
  3. Water Efficiency
  4. Watershed Approach
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2
Q

WHAT is the DWR?

A
  • California Department of Water Resources
  • CA water plan – every 5 yrs
  • Quantify gap between supply and uses
  • Agri,Urban &Environmental UWMP – every 5 yrs
  • Everyone that is 3,000 AF/y or 3,000 connections
  • Goal of WC is 1,000,000 MAF/Yr by 2020
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3
Q

WHAT is the USBR?

A
  • U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
    • 17 western states and 5 regions
    • Operate Central Valley Project and Colorado River
    • Regulates conservation through individual regional contract requirements
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4
Q

How much water does commercial dishwashers use?

A

2.5 and 8 gpm for conveyor and spray

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5
Q

How much water do icemakes use?

A

20-90 gals to make 100 lbs ice

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6
Q

Typical useful life of an icemaker?

A

5 years - use flake instead of cube

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7
Q

CII laundry machines use how much water?

A

2.5 to 3.5 gals per pound of laundry

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8
Q

Save water in CII Laundry by doing what?

A
  1. wash full loads only
  2. rinse reuse/water treatment continuous batch
  3. reduce demand - towel reuse, disposable “linen”
  4. newer equipment
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9
Q

Cost Savings equals?

A

Water Saved x Water Rate

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10
Q

A landscaping project will save 34,812 ft 3 of water per year. If rate is $3/ccf what is the annual cost savings?

A

(34,812 ft3 x 7.48 gals/ft3) x $3/748 gals = $1,044.36

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11
Q

What is the abbreviation for plants w/lower water requirements?

A

WUCOLS

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12
Q

What does water provide for plants?

A
  1. mineral transport
  2. plant metabolism
  3. structural support
  4. chemical transport through plant
  5. cooling mechanism.
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13
Q

Give the particle size of each type of soil?

A

Clay - smallest particle size, least permeable, high runoff pot (

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14
Q

Water is lost to atmosphere from what actions?

A

Evaporation + Transpiration = evapotransporation

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15
Q

What is reference ETo?

A

evapotranspiration

  1. healthy, adequately watered, well maintained cool season grass
  2. 4-6 inches height,measured local weather stations
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16
Q

Crop coefficients are used to do what?

A

Convert measured ETo into actual ET of other crops.

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17
Q

What does WUCOLS stand for and what does it mean?

A

Water Use Classification of Landscape Species

  • It is a guide designed to identify irrig water needs of landscape species
  • for over 1,900 species used in CA landscapes in 7 differenct geographical regions
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18
Q

yes

Give percentages pf reference ETp fpr WUCOLS?

A

H - 70-90% EToM - 40-60% EToL - 10-30% EToVL-

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19
Q

When and only when should you use turf?

A

When landscape needs to tolerate wear (children, animals, sports)

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20
Q

What types of turf are there?

A

Cool season - evergreen

  1. require regular summer water
    • Marathon sod (fescue and are usually overwatered)
  2. Warm season grasses - usually go dormant in the winter (turn brown)
    • use substantially less water than cool season grasses
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21
Q

Types of cool season turf grass.

A

Cool Season

  • fescue, rye grass (perenial/ annuarKentucky Blue grass, Bent grass
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22
Q

Types of warm season turf grass?

A

Hybrid Bermuda, St Augustine, Zoysia grass, buffalo grass

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23
Q

Turf Grass Maintenance help?

A
  1. raise mowing height in summer months
  2. spring and fall irrig sys inspection check
  3. soil moisure (core probe)
  4. adjust drip irrg emitters as plants mature
  5. water deep and infrequently
  6. dist uniformity - even water application
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24
Q

Landscape water budgets. The __________________ Model Landscape Ordinance

A

California Code of Regulations Title 23 Waters, division DWR

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25
Q

misters for outdoor cooling. How much do they use?

A

0.5 and 1.5 gal/hr per nozzle

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26
Q

Where should you wash your car?

A

At a commercial car wash since they re-circulate wash water

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27
Q

A 100-room hotel is retrofitting its fixtures to save water. all units are rented every day of the yr. 86 of 100 toilets, installed in 1980 (3.6 gpf), are replaced with 1.6 gpf tmodels. Toilets are used 4xs/day.All 100 SH (1990 - 2.5 gpm) are replace with 1.8 gpm models. Used 2xs each day for 10 mins each time. All 100 faucets (1990-2.5 gpf) are replaced w/1.5 gpm aerators. faucets used 20 mins/day.Five clothes washers (51 gpl) are replace with 27 gpl models. 20% of the rooms will wash one load per day. How many gals of water this hotel save in one yr.

A

Toilets(3.6-1.6)x 86 x 4 x 365 = 251,120SH(2.5-1.8) x 100 x 2 x 10 x 365 =511,000FA(2.5-1.5) x 100 x 20 x 365 = 730,000CW(51-27)x.2x1000*1*365=3,504,000Total 4,996,120

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28
Q

The four pillars of Resource Management

A
  1. Better Management - sustainability
  2. Full Cost pricing- private utilities work through PUC; go tp PUC to recover costs
  3. Water Efficiency: promote through WaterSense
  4. Watershed Approach: the source all the way to use, coming out of watershed so that we don’t have to treat as much Water rates are main way to WC – we live in a desert
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29
Q

WHAT is the DWR?

A

California Department of Water Resources

  • Manage CA water resources in coop w/other agencies
  • CA water plan – every 5 yrs
  • Quantify gap between supply and uses
  • (Agri,Urban and EnvironmentalUWMP – every 5 yrs
  • Everyone does is that is 3,000 AF/y or 3,000 connectionsGoal of WC is 1,000,000 MAF/Yr by 2020
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30
Q

WHAT is the USBR?

A

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

  • 17 western states and 5 regions
  • Operate Central Valley Project and Colorado River
  • Regulates conserva individual regional contracts
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31
Q

How much water does commercial dishwashers use?

A

2.5 and 8 gpm for conveyor and spray

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32
Q

How much water do icemakes use?

A

Typically 20-90 gals to make 100 lbs ice

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33
Q

Typical useful life of an icemaker?

A

5 years

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34
Q

CII laundry machines use how much water?

A

2.5 to 3.5 gals per pound of laundry

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35
Q

Save water in CII Laundry by doing what?

A
  1. wash full loads only
  2. rinse reuse/water treatment continuous batch
  3. reduce demand - towel reuse, disposable “linen”
  4. newer equipment
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36
Q

Cost Savings equals?

A

Water Saved x Water Rate

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37
Q

A landscaping project will save 34,812 ft 3 of water per year. If rate is $3/ccf what is the annual cost savings?

A

34,812 ft3 x $3/100ft3 = $1,044.36

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38
Q

What is the abbreviation for plants w/lower water requirements?

A

WUCOLS

How well did you know this?
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39
Q

What does water provide for plants?

A
  1. mineral transport
  2. plant metabolism
  3. structural support
  4. chemical transport through plant
  5. cooling mechanism.
How well did you know this?
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40
Q

Give the particle size of each type of soil?

A

Sand - 0.05-1.0 mm, now runoff but disappears quick

Silt - medium 0.002-0.05 mm

Clay - smallest particle size, 0.002 mm, least permeable, high runoff (

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41
Q

Water is lost to atmosphere from what actions?

A

Evaporation + Transpiration = evapotransporation

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42
Q

What is reference ETo?

A

the evapotranspiration from healthy, adequately watered, well maintained cool season grass 4 to 6 inches height & is measured by local weather stations

How well did you know this?
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43
Q

Crop coefficients are used to do what?

A

Convert measured ETo into actual ET of other specific crops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does WUCOLS stand for and what does it mean?

A

Water Use Classification of Landscape Species

  • It is a guide to identify irrig water needs of landscape species
  • covers over 1,900 species used in CA landscapes
  • Uses 7 dofferemt regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
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45
Q

Give percentages pf reference ETo fpr WUCOLS?

A

H - 70-90% EToM - 40-60% EToL - 10-30% EToVL-

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46
Q

When and only when should you use turf?

A

When landscape needs to tolerate wear (children, animals, sports)

How well did you know this?
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47
Q

What types of turf are there?

A
  1. Cool season - tend to be evergreen
    • require regular summer water (Marathon sod, fescue etc. (are usually overwatered).
  2. Warm season grasses - usually go dormant in the winter (turn brown)
  • use substantially less water than cool season grasses
How well did you know this?
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48
Q

Types of cool season turf grass.

A

Cool Season

  • fescue, rye grass (perenial/annual)
  • Kentucky Blue grass
  • Bent grass
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49
Q

Types of warm season turf grass?

A
  1. Hybrid Bermuda
  2. St Augustine
  3. Zoysia grass
  4. Buffalo grass
How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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50
Q

Turf Grass Maintenance help?

A
  1. raise mowing height in summer months
  2. spring and fall irrig sys inspection
  3. check soil moisure (core probe)
  4. adjust drip irrg emitters as plants mature
  5. water deep and infrequently
  6. dist uniformity - even water application
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Landscape water budgets. The __________________ Model Landscape Ordinance

A

California Code of Regulations Title 23 Waters, division DWR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

misters for outdoor cooling. How much do they use?

A

0.5 and 1.5 gal/hr per nozzle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where should you wash your car?

A

At a commercial car wash since they re circulate wash water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

A 100-room hotel is retrofitting its fixtures to save water. all units are rented every day of the yr. 86 of 100 toilets, installed in 1980 (3.6 gpf), are replaced with 1.6 gpf tmodels. Toilets are used 4xs/day.All 100 SH (1990 - 2.5 gpm) are replace with 1.8 gpm models. Used 2xs each day for 10 mins each time. All 100 faucets (1990-2.5 gpf) are replaced w/1.5 gpm aerators. faucets used 20 mins/day.Five clothes washers (51 gpl) are replace with 27 gpl models. 20% of the rooms will wash one load per day. How many gals of water this hotel save in one yr.

A
  1. Toilets(3.6-1.6)x 86 x 4 x 365 = 251,120
  2. SH(2.5-1.8) x 100 x 2 x 10 x 365 =511,000
  3. FA(2.5-1.5) x 100 x 20 x 365 = 730,000
  4. CW(51-27)x2x1000*1*365=3,504,000
  5. Total 4,996,120
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55
Q

What is the “New Normal”?

A
  1. Climate change affects water supply/Storage
  2. Pop shifts and industrial use changes
  3. Permanent Water Efficiency Policies
  4. Water Conservation Technologies
  5. Short Term/Long Term Planning
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56
Q

What is IRP?

A

Integrated Resource Planning

  1. Continuous process
  2. Short and long term outlook
  3. “least cost” analysis of Demand-Side & Supply-Side options
  4. open & participatory decision-making process
  5. Develop water resouce alternatives
  6. Environmental Issues
  7. Societal and economic consideration
  8. Inclusion of other institutions concerned w/WR

*

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57
Q

What does the Water Supply Portfolio consist of?

A
  1. Surface water supplies
  2. Groundwater supplies
  3. Water reuse
  4. Desalination
  5. WC
  6. Other
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58
Q

What is the cost effectiveness of WC vs. other Resource Options?

A

Resource OptionAvg Cost/AF

WC$300-$600

Groundwater$250-$650

Surface Water$500-$800

Water Reuse$400-$700

Desal$900-$1,200

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59
Q

How is WC integral to the water supply picture?

A
  • As an everyday operation not just “in addition to”
  • Level, reliable funding for long term implementation
  • Impact on other departments
    • Sewer, parks/landscape
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60
Q

AWWA 52 - definitions

A
  • California Water Code
    • promote WCMs
    • programs and incentives to prevent waste of water - included no water waste ordinances
  • Drought Management/Response
    • temporarily reducing water demand & finding alternate water sources response to emergency condition
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61
Q

2008 Cal Green Bldg Standards Code

A
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62
Q

What is DMM? pg 14

A

Demand management Measures

  1. Wholesale & retail urban have different DMM
  2. CUWCC can submit annual reports in liwu of describing DMMs
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63
Q

What are the factors for Water Shortage Contingency Plans in the UWMP? pg 15

A
  1. response from utility planning for changes or shortages in water supply
  2. Consider water supplies in single-dry & multiple-dry years
  3. Catastrophic interruptions
  4. Identify threshold go various actions to support conservation
  5. consumption reduction methods
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64
Q

What are the UWMP AB 1320 Requirements? pg 15

A

Amended UWMP Act Jan 1, 2009

  1. Eligibility for grants or loans
    • recycling, desal, wc, w supply reliability, w supply augmentation
  2. conditional on implementation of DMMs
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65
Q

What are USBR WC plans? pg 16

A
  1. Reclamation Reform Act 1982
    • Agric and Municipal & Industrial water contractor provide W mangement plans
    • Plans must contain goals, WCMs and schedule
    • 5-yr updates
    • Ag and Urban BMPs
    • Annnual implem reprts online - same process as CUWCC
    • Involvement of stakeholders
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66
Q

Tell me about SBX7 7 - 20% by 2020 pg 16

A
  1. Covers Ag and Urban
  2. 20% in GPCD
  3. applicable >3,000 end users,or deliver >3,000 AF
  4. must set 2015 and 2020 final targe6
  5. based on 10-yr period dating back to 1994
  6. 4 methods for target setting
  7. report on approach in 2010 UWMP
  8. 10% by 12/31/15; 20% by 12/31/20
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67
Q

What ways are there to meet SB7 7 or other goals? pg 18

A

regulations

ordinances

water pricing

incentives

education

operations

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68
Q

CUWCC was formed by what?

A
  1. formed by MOU with 14 BMP in 1991
  2. in 2008 5 BMPs
  3. Foudational BMPs- Utility Operations and Education
  4. Programatic BMPs- Res, CII, Landscape
  5. Flex Track- & GPCD compliance option
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69
Q

AB3616 is what? pg. 19

A
  1. Africultural efficient water management act of 1990
  2. they have signatories, MOU, Efficient Water Management Practices (EWMP)
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70
Q

What are some of the Agric EWMP (BMPs)?

A
  1. Surveys
  2. incentive pricing
  3. soil moisture monitoring
  4. irrg scheduling
  5. efficient irrg systems-drip or micro irrig, Low energy precision application (LEPA), surface irrg with laser leveling, furrow diking, surge valves
  6. canal & conveyance system lining and mgmt
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71
Q

What is the Calif Water Code Section 10632(a)? pg 22

A
  • staged actions incude up to 50% supply shortage
  • planning >=3-yr supply based 3 driest yrs on record
  • actions catastrophic interruption water supplies
  • mandatory prohibitions during water shortage
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72
Q

What are the 7 steps of drought preparedness? pg 22

A
  1. build drought team
  2. evaluate supply & demand data
  3. balance supply & demand resources
  4. establish triggering levels
  5. staged demand reduction program
  6. adopt water shortage plan and budget - UWMP
  7. implement water shortage plan
73
Q

What are some triggers for drought? pg 23

A
  1. water qulity changes
  2. supply interruptions or reductions
  3. environ changes
74
Q

Sample drought/shortage triggers? pg 23

A
75
Q

What are the goals to minimize the impact of a droght/shortage? pg 24

A
  1. mini impact economy, environment, lifestyle
  2. mini health and safety - indoor uses, firefighting
  3. CII- maintain economy and jobs
  4. maintain permanent crops,takes 5-10 yrs replac
  5. retain annual crops - to protect jobs
  6. maintain landscaping priority water trees & shrubs
  7. new demand-typically 2 yrs of construct approved
76
Q

What are some of the Water shortage Measures-balancing Supply and Demand? pg 25

A

Supply

  1. increase existing supplies (ex. - deepen wells)
  2. draw from reserve (banking-Valley aquifer)
  3. develop new supplies (ex.- desal)

increase supplier efficiency

  1. leak detection/repair
  2. Agency facility retrofit (lead by example)
  3. Theft prevent (construction water, st sweeping)
  4. system pressure reduction
77
Q

Name stages of drough balancind supply and demand? Pg 25

A

Stage 1 - Voluntary

Stage 2 - Public info with NWW ordinance

Stage 3 - Mandatory restrictions

Stage 4 - Customer allotments.

78
Q

How do you monitor demand reduction Levels during drought?

A
  1. reg eval mnthly water production & meter rding
    1. immediate evaluation of data by Team
    2. Consider extra meter reading if necessary
    3. fine-tune demand reduction strategy based on actual savings
    4. share positive feedback with customers
    5. document demand reduction efforts
    6. update website, reporting, newsletters, press releases for news
79
Q

How do you reach the community and/or rate payers with Media Outreach during drought? pg. 26

A
  1. consistend drought messaging /Team
  2. centralize operation drought communica
  3. train key staff on media relations/commun
  4. plan special outreach efforts
  5. involve the community-speakers bureau, etc.
  6. Regular Board/Council members updated
  7. common theme/logo for materisls
80
Q

What would be the next level in Community Outreach? Pg. 27

A
  1. special website designed with up-to-date info
  2. messaging on utility bill
  3. special outreach by post cards, emails
  4. updates on actual water savings
  5. extra monitoring of water supply conditions
  6. add an extra community newsletter for updates
81
Q

What are requirements for water during drought/shortage for public health and safety? pg 27

A
  1. provide adequate indoor water meet basic health & safety needs: toilet flushing, bathing, cleaning
  2. min service pressure basic indoor health & safety needs to be met daily- fire pressure 20 psi min
  3. check with state agency that permits water system >guidance during various drght stages
82
Q

What are the water sources from the __________ cycle? pg. 30

A

Hydrologic

  1. Desal
  2. Permanent ice -icebergs, glaciers, ice caps
  3. Atmosphere - condensing water vapor
  4. Cisterns and water capture
83
Q

What are the water sources from ____ sources?

A

HUMAN

  1. recycled watewater treatment
  • non-potable (irrg and indus)
  • groundwater injection (prevent seawater intrusion)
  1. Greywater
  • limited quantities
  • only “personal” uses
  • potentially significant public health issues?
84
Q

For recycled water use water code section ______?

A

13050

controlled use that would not otherwise occur

85
Q

What are some of the supply augmentation uses of recycled and reuse water?

A
  • must meet Title 22 Health & Safety Code
  • primarily for irrgation
  • can off-set peak potable irrigation demands
  • reliable in droughts
86
Q

Recyled water customers avoid ______________ during drought. pg 32

A

cutbacks

87
Q

What code does Graywater fall under? Pg. 33

A

Title 24, Part 5, Chapter 16a, Part q for nonpotable water reuse systems

  • emergency graywater regs of 2007 Cal Plumbing Code were made permanent 1/27/10
    • establishes min requirement for installation of graywater systems in occupancies regulated by Dept. of Housing & community
88
Q

AB 849 (Gatto) - does what for graywater pg 33

A

prohibits local jurisdiction from banning greywater

89
Q

What percentage is recycled water used?

A
  1. 46% agric irrig
  2. 21% landscape irr
  3. 14% groundwater recharge
  4. 19% all other uses
90
Q

What are the utility planning benefits with Recycled water? pg 33

A
  1. reduce need for peak demand supplies
  2. reduce need invest more expensive water resourc
  3. take advantage of Clean Water Act etc. gt funding
  4. reduce impacts of future droughts
  5. help utility meet wastewater regulations
91
Q

What is estimate of gpd that could be generated for irrigation purposes? Details on this type of water use?

A

20 gpd/

must follow state policy-new 2009 Cal Standards in the Uniform Plumbing code (UPC)

Permit may be required but not for laundry to landscape

could be helpful in extended drought conditions

But there are public health and safety concerns

92
Q

Who came upt with 20% by 2020 SB 7 x 7

A

Arnold Schwarzenegger

93
Q

What are the benefits to the environment by doing water conservation? Pg 35

A
  1. Increased stream flows
  2. Higher groundwater table
94
Q

What are the various type of WC programs? Pg 36

A
  1. GPCD program
  2. GPCD on specific water user class or customer group/type
  3. Non-GPCD- BMP of DMM (Demand Management measure)
  4. Non-GPCD - program targetw with % sat levels, # devices
95
Q

What factors to think about before designing a new WC program?

A
  1. # & type of customers, age of “housing stock”, climate, pop growth
  2. review water demand by user class for past 10 yrs
  3. identify end uses of water (toilet)
  4. penetration & sat rates for various types of devices
  5. identify program measures to get highest bang for the buck
  6. identify water system losses
96
Q

What are some of the proposition funding types? Pg 40

A

Pop. 13 - 2000 Water Bond

Prop 50 - funding for local water systems

Prop 84 - funding for public water systems

97
Q

What is perferred benefit to cost ratio? Pg 40

What are some of additional benefits from promoting WCM?

A

Environmental

socioeconomic

customer Support

98
Q

What is the benefit to cost analysis methodoloty?

A
  1. Develop baseline water use
  2. Identify applicble WCMs
  3. % of custoer accounts that will participate
  4. Estimate water savings
  5. estimate measure’s cost
  6. Identify capital porjects downsized or delayed by reduced water use
  7. Determine avoided costs assoc. w/affected projects
  8. Determine O&M savings assoc. w/reduced water use
  9. Figure marginal Costs (avoided Capital + O&M savings)
  10. Marginal Costs + Saved Water = Benefit
  11. Benefit-Cost Ratio= Sun of Benefits in $$/Sum of Costs$$
99
Q

What are the miscellaneous benefits for promoting WCM?

A
  1. Lower withdraws from supply source
  2. Lower wastewater discharges
  3. Smaller facilities
  4. Less chemical/energy requires
  5. Water savings are over a planned period (life of device)
100
Q

Typical Indoor Water Use pie chart? Pg 48

A

Shower 16.8%

Faucet 15.7%

Clothes washer 21.7%

Toilet 26.7%

Leaks 13.7%

Other 5.3%

101
Q

Fixture adn Appliance Efficiency over the years? Pg 43

A
102
Q

Talk about outreach strategies in terms of _____-term media saturations. pg. 46

A
  • Baseline awareness campaigns are important for overall conservation support but generally ineffective in evoking specific actions
  • strategy calls for max penetration durint two week window prior to the action
  • this approach ramatically concentrates media power and makes the call to action immediate
103
Q

What is the next level of demand-side programs? pg 46

A
  1. Strengthening of public awareness campaigns
    • social mktg to target behavioral use
    • enforce irrig scheduling
    • enforce “no-water waste” policy
  2. Landscape Design
    • Mandating design parameters
    • Max % turf
    • Natives, water wise
    • Tracking water budgets
104
Q

Monitoring marketing outreach efforts - what is short vs. long term?

A

1-2 yrs is short term

  • consider short term conditions such as droughts

5-10 years is long term

  • consider account water use changes when customer mover
105
Q

What are some of the monitoring issues when in a drought? pg 50

A
  1. Water savings decay over time
  2. Free riders
  3. Natural replacement rates
  4. Device saturation rates
  5. Program design variables, program scale, target audience
106
Q

What types of budgeting should be consered when water shortage strikes? Pg 50

A
  1. Annual program budgets
  2. Rebates, studies, regional costs, staffing, marketing
  3. Multi-year long term budgets to account for total program implementation
  4. Special budget provisions for drought measures
  5. Allocate costs -
    • by program
    • by marketing segment or category
  6. Include budget items in other departments
107
Q

What budging factors should be considered when running region-wide (regional) water conservation program?

A
  1. Cost sharing is possible for overhead/admin/mktg
  2. Can create funding opportunities for local efforts
  3. Each agency in region can affect schedule of others
  4. Must plan ahead to secure funding, develop/execute regional agreements
  5. Reimbursements from state funding can cause money floating
  6. Have to ensure local confort with the regional effort
  7. Big commitment!
108
Q

What are saturation levels, how are they measured, and how are they determined?

A
  1. Saturation is the %/# of accounts that have implemented a particular program measure
  2. First define aggregate target potential (100% or lower)
  3. Identify the program long-term target (ex. 50% saturation)
  4. Identify annual and long term saturation levels
  5. Condust “Market Penetration Study” or “Saturation Study” to get utility specific data
109
Q

What factors influence saturation?

A
  1. measure design
  2. promotion
  3. currnt use
  4. regulation
  5. cost of device
  6. incentives
  7. acceptability
  8. other agency empenses
110
Q

What are the M52 basic 10 stps to performing effective water use evaluations? pg 53

A
  1. review a detailed demand forecast
  2. review the water system profile and descriptions of planned facilities.
  3. Evaluate the effectiveness of existing conservation measures
  4. define the conservation potential
  5. identify conservation measures
  6. determine feasible measures
  7. perform benefit cost evaluations (relate to reuse,desal, new supplies)
  8. select and package conservation measures
  9. combine overall estimated savings
  10. optimize demand forcasts
111
Q

What is the traditional Utility benefit cost ratio? Pg 54

A

Sum of utility benefits in % (cost savings) / Sum of utility costs in $$

This should be >1

112
Q

Why is a greater than 1 cost effectiveness desired?

A
  • $1 cost = $1 or more in benefits
  • Even if not cost effective want to proceed anyways if you need the water savings! (restrictions, mandates, etc)
  • The soltion to less than “1” may be in partnerships, grants, or other funding
    • Prop 13 Safe drinking water act - was a bond measure funding for non-cost effective programs
113
Q

What are 2 ways to evaluate WC effects? pg 55

A
  1. Compare participant group to non-participant group
  2. Modeled approach
    • Use regression analysis to compare like varoab;es tjat affect water ise
      • More work, more accurate
      • Goal: compare like accounts in finer detail to better isolate actual water savings
114
Q

What are the monitoring priorities for monitoring WC efforts? pg 55

A
  1. budget
  2. water demand
  3. production (peak, minimum)
  4. drought indicators
  5. customer behaviors/attitudes
  6. customer actions ( rebates for example)
  7. Operations
    • water loss
    • rates
    • water waste
  8. Water savings analyses
115
Q

Name 2 types of Supply-Side Water Losses?

A
  1. Real - leakage, theft
  2. Apparent - metering inaccuraces, billing data errors
116
Q

Name the water loss Range and priority level?

A
117
Q

AWWA has a free water audit software called ____?

A

Water Balance

118
Q

Water Loss Example. pg 57

A

Tasks did:

  1. Water audit
  2. Leak detection
  3. Large meter testing and replacement
  4. pressure mngmt
  5. res water meter replacement
  6. enforcement actions

Success

  1. resuce NRW to <12%
  2. increase revenue
  3. decrease operating costs

Results - 3 MGD savings after 4 yrs; 2 MGD of leaks, $400,000 yr operating savings

119
Q

What are water rates for?

A
  • charge customers for a service
  • price signal to reflect the resource value
  • recover all costs of providing service
  • effect water demand patterns
  • preserve utility’s financial integrity
  • look ahead to the future. As costs change, how will rates change
120
Q

Nae the water rate principles?

A
  1. identify fixed and variable system costs
    • Fixed- Capital & oper. costs that remain relatively unchanged over a given period
      • debt service, oeer and maintaining system facilities
    • Variable - costs that tend to vary with the volume of water produced - chemicals, energy
121
Q

What are the three basic elements of most rates?

A
  1. Customer Classification (SFR, CII, Ag, etc.)
  2. Frequency of Billing
  3. Sched of charges for each classification

Other things to consider:

  1. rate stabilization - reserves for revenue shortfall periods
  2. Regulatory compliance
    • Prop 218
  3. Demand Management costs
  4. Reserve requirements - bonds
122
Q

Name the rate structure types?

A
  1. Increasing block rates-increasing volumeteric rates
  2. seasonal rates
  3. uniform rates-constant unit price all voluetric units yr-round
  4. Declining block rate-declining rate for increasing consump
  5. Marginal cost pricing- rates based on anticipating future csts
123
Q

Example of increasing block rate?

A

Las Vegas Valley WD: base rate + 4 tiers

base rate usually based on meter size

special charges for system improvements, energy, pumping zones

124
Q

Example of uniform rate?

A

Napa - $4.04/1,000 gallons for all use

rate fluctuates directly w/demand

a reate stabilization fund is important

easy to explain to customers

customer equity not as refined as with tiers

not common today

125
Q

What is a consumption based sewer rate?

A

base rate + consumption charges

not common

can be controversial

all water does not end up in sewer

126
Q

name some othe rrates - Pg 64

A
  1. wholesale water rates/charges
  2. wheeling charges when using someone else’s system
  3. Outside service area charge
  4. Water connection fees (new service)
    • typically for system capacity Improvements
127
Q

Water Rates fixed/variable charges. What are they? pg 65

A

Fixed charges-portion of water bill which remains the save or fixed regardless of amt of water used

Variable charge- “consumption charge”- rates applies to the amt of water used-water units, energy, zones, pumping

The water rate BMP looks to have more than 60% variable charged

The higher the % of revenue collected from variable, the more responsive demand would be to rate changes

128
Q

What is the water rate definiaiton of cstomer classification?

A

The grouping of customers into a homogeneous class such as small commercial, large commercial, SFR, etc.

129
Q

Are rate tiers influenced by weather?

A
  • Weather affects irrigation accts-sticker shock
  • Look at regional historic rainfall and ET patterns
  • kKeep track of whether weather patterns are changing.
130
Q

give example of city of Davis rater water fluctuations because of weather? pg 66

A
  • 89% of the meters/connections are SFR
    • lots of open space so lots of irrigation
    • Central valley climate
  • July water use is 3x winter water use
131
Q

Wat are the conservation-oriented water rates?

A
  • Block rates - tiered rates
  • Budget based - water allocation
  • Drough rates - short term to reflect shortage
  • If have monthly meter reading and billing will soften sticker shock
  • PUC is a regulatory force that may mandate your water rate changes
132
Q

Looking at Irvine Ranch Water district water budget approach. pg 68

A
  1. 5-tier rate structure-not very common, very intensive set-u[
  2. Allocationb based - # people + landscaped area
  3. per unit charge increased substantially with use
    • thei rewards efficiency and penalized high use
  4. The higher tier charges will pay for conservation efforts
133
Q

Discuss drought rate surcharges?

A
  • Surcharges are short term during drought
  • The per unit charge increases with severity of drought
  • Tier ranges can be adjusted when drought rates are in effect
  • A rate stabilization fund is important to use during droughts
    • This is case because increased WC means lower revenue
  • Not popular and addt customer outreach is required
134
Q

What are the rate impacts on water use? pg 69

A
  • City of Davis: 1990 to 2008 - from 230 to 188 GPCD
  • Las Vegas valley WD - 2004 SFR was 65 to 39 GPCD
  • Largest impact is from non-metering to metering
  • Important to identify type of savings:
  1. Annual
  2. average
  3. peak
  4. other
135
Q

What is important to understand in the rate/Water Use connection? pg 69

A
  • Know where your rates have been, and where they are going
  • Rate policy can be helpful in designing, implementing and monitoring your WC programs
  • Know where you stand on the water savings curve- already higtting saturation levels of device installs-start new program
  • Identify customer water use sensitivity to rate changes
  • Rates can be a big factor in meeting organizational conservation program goals and for meeting long term targets
136
Q

Describe the rate making and adoption processes? pg 70

A
  • Rates must be legally defensible
  • conservation is one of many factors determining rates
  • WC staff should be involved in rate making process
  • Prop 218 says that customer notification of rate change is required
  • Board/council adoption is requires, for private utilities PUC approval
  • Usually timing of rate increase is either July or Jan
  • Many water bills include other chanrges as well liek city of La verne has a paramedic fee
137
Q

Give a sample of rate Setting/Adoption schedule? pg 70

A

4th quarter 2008 rate study completed and recommended

Jan 2009 - final rates established

Feb 2009 - Prop 218 notice to customers

May 2009 - Board/Council adoption process, with public comment

July 2009 - new rates effective

Fall 2009 customers see new rates

Option of 1 yr or multi-year rate adjustment process

Total is normally 1-yr timeline

The customer focus is normally on $/month bill increase

138
Q

What does typical water bll look like? pg 71

A
  • shows usage total in kWh and HCF and maybe in gallons
  • Tier 1: 1st 10 HCF x 2 mnths (20 HCF) x $4.85=
    • Tier 2 Remaining 54 HCF x $5.85 =
139
Q

Why are water rates important? pg 72

A
  1. AMI and rates together can help provide cost controls to customer
  2. Water rates fund water conservation programs
140
Q

Give some average % of indoor vs. outdoor water use? pg 73

A

Sacramento

  • 60% Outdoor; 40% Indoor

Santa Cruz

  • 30% Outdoor; 70% Indoor

Las Vegas

  • 70% Outdoor; 30% Indoor
141
Q

Knowing your climate first is important? pg 73

A
  • Annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall patterns
  • Mnthly crop coefficient of Eto
  • Drought cycles
  • Type of climate (Mediterranean)
142
Q

Wha tis CIMIS? pg 74

A

California Irrigation Management Information System.

  1. Network of automated weather stations in California
  2. The stations measure Eto or Evapotranspiration (Evap + Transpiration)

from a standardized cool season

143
Q

Examples of Irrigation demand as recorded by CIMIS?Pg 74

A

SF Bay (Station 157) July 6.64/ 43 inches annually

SF Bay (Statopm 132_ July 7.44/ 40 inches annually

Davis (Station 6) Juy 8.49 inches/ 56 inches annually

Imperial Valley (41) July 9.19 inches/ 71 inches annually

144
Q

What is ET and what are its parameters?

A

It is the amount of water used by the plants (transpiration) and evaporated from the adjacent soil and plant surfaces (evaporation).

Parameters are:

  1. sunlight/solar radiation
  2. Temperature
  3. Wind
  4. Humidity
145
Q

What is Reference evapotranspriation, or Eto?

A

It is tha standard measurement that estimtes the evapotranspiration of:

  • large field 4”-7” tall, cool seson grass well watered in ful sun
  • Expressed as a rate, amt water loss over given time (inches/day)
  • measured/calculated by CIMIS system using Penman-Monteith equation as well as other methods
146
Q

What is effective precipitation (EP)?

A
  • Rainfall replaces some of the moisture lost to ET
  • Usually less than 25% of annual rainfall used by plants
  • For landscaped precipation is variable and often unavailable when needed
  • Provides a bonus when estimating landscape water use
147
Q

What are the 4 factors that you use to estimate Landscape water use?

A
  1. Climate factor - ET
  2. EP
  3. The Plant Factor - PF
  4. Irrigation Efficiency (IE)
148
Q

Use the 4 factors to estimate landscape water use? pg 78

A

EWU = (Eto-EP)*(PF)*(LA)*(CF)/(IE)

EWU= estimated landscape water use in gpy

Eto=reference evapotranspiration in inches/yr

EP=efffective precipitation in inces per year of rain

PF=plant factor which is a fraction of Eto

LA= landscape area in squft

CF=conversion factor of 0.623 inches deep/sqft area gals

IE=Irrigation efficiency (%) - dostrobitopm imofpr,otu

149
Q

What is the EWU for 100 sf cool season lawn in Sacramento? Eto for Sacramento is 52”/yr, EP (effective precipitation) is 4”, plant factor for cool season turf is 0.8 and IE (irrgation efficiency) or districution uniformity is 0.5?

A

EWU = (Eto-EP)(PF)(LA)(CF)/(IE)

EWU = (52-4) x 0.8 x 100 x 0.623/0.5 = 4,785 gpy

150
Q

Studies have shown that ET estimates are not nessary for ____ ____.

Give example.

A
  • Plant mechanisms for drought tolerance can assist plant in adjusting water use
  • Water budgets can be adjusted downward by multiplying by a deficit coefficien
  • Example: deficit coefficient of 0.8
  • EWU = 4894/64 gpy * 0.8 = 3,828 gals per year
151
Q

AB 1881 which is an update of AB 325 in 1990. pg 79

A
  • DWR updated the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance
  • In effect by Jan 2010
  • Local ordinance have to be “at least as effective as”
  • Says that Property Owners Association (HOA) cannot forbid natives
  • must have dedicated irrigation meters for new non-residential properties >5,000 sqft
  • Requires smart controllers
152
Q

What was the result of the CUWCC’s 2007 Landscape Survey Messaging Survey? pg. 81 Started 4:52

A
  • 62% of res customers favor messaging focusing on cost of water to encourage landscape water conservation
  • 89% of landscape managers favor messaging focusing on cost of water to encourage landscape water conservation
153
Q

What are some of the barriers to reducing landscape water use CUWCC 2007 survey?

A
  • Both res and com like turf
  • 2 our of 3 landscape managers do not have auto rain shut-off
  • 55% res cust have no idea of how much water they use
  • 89% res customers have sprinklers with a time and 79% control the timer themselves
154
Q

CUWCC 2007 landscape survey landscape manager (commercial) highlights?

A
  • 72% water with sprinklers
  • 24% water both w/sprinklers and by hand
  • 50% irrigate properties 19 acres or smaller
  • 45% irrigate properties 40 acres or larger
  • 85% irrigate turf, groundcover, trees, shrubs
  • 43% report that >305 sites were landscape
155
Q

What are the 7 principles of Water Efficient Landscaping? pg 82

A
  • Proper planning and design for local climate
  • Soil analysis
  • Appropriate plant selection
  • Practical turf areas
  • Efficient irrigation
  • Use of mulches
  • Appropriate maintenance
156
Q

What do you find with the soil analysis? pg 83

A
  • Clay soils - least permeable, most runoff
  • Loam soiles
  • Clay loam soils
  • Sandy loam soils
  • Sandy soils - most permeable
  • Soil Amendments: compost, gypsum, clay
  • Slopes should be considered with soil types
157
Q

Name some examples of proper planning design with the concept of Hydrozones? pg 84

A
  • Lush/high water demand plants should be grouped together
  • Transition/medium demand plants should be grouped together
  • Arid/low deman plants should be grouped together
  • Irrigate each hydrozone w/own valve/circuit
  • Select appropriate plants by considering local climate
  • Account for micro-climates where appropriate
158
Q

Using 2000 WUCOLS II Study tell me about plant water demands? pg 85

A
  • High 70-90% Reference Eto
  • Moderate 40-60% Reference Eto
  • Low 10-30% Reference Eto
  • Very Low <10% Reference Eto
159
Q

Tell me about efficient irrigation for turf areas? pg 85

A

For spray irrigation

  • 24” setback from hardscape
  • if area is 8’ or less use subsurface, or low volume
160
Q

Name some appropriate maintenance measures for landscapes?

A
  1. cust turf to approprite height
  2. annual irrig system check-up
  3. refresh mulch when appropriate
  4. detect/repair leaks as they occur
  5. update irrg system as plants mature
  6. annually change battery in controller
  7. modify irrg schedules to avoid runoff
161
Q

What are some of the pool and spa E&WCMs?

A
  1. cover when not in use
  2. install efficient pump
  3. automatic fill capability avoids overfilling
  4. maintain pool to minimize need to refill
162
Q

Name some ourdoor conservation practices minimizing water use?pg 88

A
  1. wash items on lawn
  2. use auto-shutoff nozzle on hoses
  3. wash vehicles at commercial car wash
163
Q

What are some of the other irrigation water sources besides using straight potable water? pg 88

A
  1. graywater
    • Laundry to landscape
  2. Cisterns/rain catchment systems: includes
    • Barrel can get Mosquitoes
    • Roof collection system
    • Bioswale
164
Q

Gray water legislation? pg 89

A

Title 24, part 5, Chapter 16a, Part 1

Nonpotable water reuse systems

Emergency graywater regs of 2007 CPC made permantne 1/27/10

Establishes min requirements for installation of graywater sytems in occupancies regulated by the Dept. of Housing and Community

AB 849 (Gatto) - prohibits local jurisdiction from banning greywater and has some stricter requirements

165
Q

What are some of the CII Water Savings Factors? pg 90

A
  • changes in hours of operation
  • changes in # of employees/visitors
  • changes in production process
  • changes in landscape practices
  • interruptions in service
  • leaks
166
Q

CII flow rates for some common fixtures?

  1. ___ gallons per vehicle for self serve (no recycling)
  2. ___ to ___ gallons per vehicle for in-bay washes
  3. ___ to ___ gallons per vehicle for conveyor washes
  4. Stem sterilizers = ____ - ____ gpm
  5. Autoclaves ____ - ____ gpm
  6. Film & x-ray processing ____ - ____ gpm
  7. Commercial Dishwashers + ____ - ____ gpm
A
  1. 15
  2. 50 to 60
  3. 66 - 85
  4. 1.0 - 3.0
  5. 0.5 - 2.0 gpm
  6. 2 - 4
  7. 2.5 - 8
167
Q

What is the bottomline for CII outreach in promting Gree or Bottlomline? pg 92

A
  1. Need to talk in particular business lingo
  2. Work with the Chanber of Commerce
  3. Have testimonials from other businesses
  4. Need to promote paybacks that are reasonable
  5. Need to promote decreased labot time for efficiency improvement projects
  6. Need to promote ease of operation
  7. Need to promote if better quality product
  8. Ned to promote water-energy-wastewater Partnerships
168
Q

How do you motivate CII Customers?

A
  1. Reduce water,energy,sewer and/or energy bills
  2. reduce staff labor
  3. green business status
  4. recognition - especiall at local lever with Press Release
  5. Think of bottom-line for customers
169
Q

What are the best ways to approach a HET CII changeout project? pg 93

A
  1. understand water end uses in facility
    * % water use attributed to toilet use
  2. Target businesses w/highest HET savings potential
  3. sell the water and sewer bill savings - know it upfront
  4. Give recognition
  5. Follow-up surveys
  6. Understand the meter situation (master/sub-meters)
  7. may need to collect additional use/billing data
170
Q

What are some of the downside issues for CII customer measure installs? pg 94

A
  1. Up front investment
  2. Payback
  3. measure implementation downtime
  4. employee acceptance of change
  5. employee training (new maintenance procedure?)
  6. Provide feedback on results
  7. Think business bottomline!
171
Q
  1. Normally find chiled water systems in what size building?
  2. What single pass cooling type of units still exist?
A
  1. >10,000 sf
  2. if find it then put air cooled
    • single pass compressors
    • ice machines
    • vacuum pumps
      • reuse single pass cooling water for some other function
      • regrofit with closed loop system
      • automatic controls- water only flows when needed
172
Q

What is basice guideline for gpm lost to evaporation for each 100 tons in a cooling system? pg 95

A

2.4 gpm

173
Q

What is the break-even point for COC in cooling towers?

A

<6 COC increasing COC gives most water savings

>6 incremental savings become smaller

174
Q

COC % conserved? pg 98

A

% conserved = COC2-COC1/COC1(COC2-COC1) x 100%

175
Q

What are good candidates for CII Large Landscape WCMs? pg 99

A
  1. Parks and Greenbelts
  2. Office/industrial park expanse
  3. schoold
  4. athletic fields
  5. Water audit and water budget candidates
  6. Require good customer service and diplomacy
176
Q

What do you need to consider when doing a CII Landscape Intensive Site audit? pg 102

A
  1. consider water budgets
  2. Determine customer desire to save money
  3. Understand who/how the landscape is managed
  4. Work with customer to establish a water budget everyone can live with
  5. Provide historical and future information on water savings and benefits received
  6. offer water management training opportunities
177
Q

What should you consider for CII Monitoring? pg 103

A
  1. Know your top users
  2. Identify end uses per business type
  3. Track changes in business accounts
  4. Start with pilot efforts first
  5. Identify savings target and compare actual usage
  6. Meter master or sub-metering on-site
  7. Cooling Towers must have separate meters
  8. Check for leaks aor easy waste
178
Q
A

Water Use Efficiency (6 decks)

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