Water Conservation Practitioner I Flashcards
The four pillars of Resource Management
- Better Management - sustainability
- Full Cost pricing- private utilities work through PUC; go tp PUC to recover costs
- Water Efficiency: promote through WaterSense
- Watershed Approach: the source all the way to use, coming out of watershed so that we don’t have to treat as much Water rates are main way to WC – we live in a desert
WHAT is the DWR?
California Department of Water Resources
- Manage CA water resources in coop w/other agencies
- CA water plan – every 5 yrs
- Quantify gap between supply and uses (Agri,Urban and EnvironmentalUWMP – every 5 yrs
- Everyone does is that is 3,000 AF/y or 3,000 connectionsGoal of WC is 1,000,000 MAF/Yr by 2020
WHAT is the USBR?
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation17 western states and 5 regions Operate Central Valley Project and Colorado RiverRegulates conservation through individual regional contract requirements
CEC
CA Energy commissionThe Water Industry is the lagest user of elect in the state – approx. 7% of tatal use
What is the CUWCC, when started, what do they do?
California Urban Water Conservation CouncilFormed in 1991 (severe drought time)Develop BMPs (Best Management Practices)They established many current cons practices and standards
Who puts out the Water Quality Regulations?
Department of Public Health
What does the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) control?
Water Rights, Discharges, and recycling
Hydrologic Cycle
Solid >> melting>>evaporation>>sublimation>>Deposition >> Freezing >> Condenstation
What is evaporation?What is biological evaporation?
Transpiration- biological systems making from liquid to gas
Combination of biological evaporation and regular evaporation?
ET or evapotranspiration
What does the Sun provide?
The energy to move water.
Surface >>>> AtmosphereAtmosphere >>>> SurfaceSurface >>>>>> SubsurfaceSurface >>>>>> Surface : subsurface flowinfiltration recharge
EvapotranspirationPrecipatationPerculationRunoffPercolation is also _____________ ______________ AKA ________________ and ¬¬¬¬¬___________________
How do people fit into the hydrologic cycle.
We remove water from (2) key areas of the Hydrologic Cycle:Surface WaterGroundwater
Where does the water we use go?
EvapotranspirationPercolation (from irrigation)Runoff – vie wastewater treatment plants – the wastes are removed to minimize environmental impact
Measurement has (2) dimensions.
Numbers and Units (dimensions)
Las Vegas groundwater basinLa Cienega
“TheMeadows”“The Marsh”
The discovery of groundwater and hw to acess it (with wells)
Allowed people to move away from surface waters
Static Water LevelPumping Water LevelDrawdownRadius of influenceCone of depression
In a well this is where the water level is before pumpingThe distance tothe new pumping levelbetween static and level after pumpHow far does water pull from - circularthe funnel distance when pumping
Groundwater problems
Overuse can lead to overdraft and possibly subsidenceGroundwater moves very slowly, so contamination events linger for years
Major Surface Water supplies
LA Aqueduct from Owens ValleyColorado River AqueductHetch Hetchy (San Fra)Central ValleyProject-BOR built - Mt ShastaState Water Project - DWR and StateThe Bay-Delta
LA. Aqueduct
1st major water project in CAl Water from Owens ValleyConstructed from 1908-1913
Colorado River serves _____ people and
22 million people Las Vegas, S CalGlen Canyon Dam - Lake PowellHoover Dam - Lake MeadDavis Dam - Lake MohaveParker Dam - Lake Havasu
Colorado RiverWhen did const begin?Who operates it?Water is divided by ___ states and what other entitiesUpper Basin - ___ states-what are they?Lower Basin ____ states-what are they?
1930’sBOR7 and American Indians, and Meico4 (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico3 (Arizona, CA, Nevada
Colorado River Aqueduct proides water to these dams and lakes
Parker Dam (Lake Havasu) was built to create source for intake pump station which was given to USBRLake Mathews, Diamond Valley Lake- terminal reservoirs
Colorado river Aqueduct Hetch Hetchy System
operated by San Fran Pub Utilities commission85% of SF total water needs2M urban customers no agriculturalcompleted in 1934Hetch Hetchy Valley flooded to create reservoit
Centarl Valley Project Operated by # of reservoirs and total storage
USBOR22 reservoirs, 11 MAF of storage
Main storage of Central Valley Project
Lake Shasta - mostly irrigation but 2 M urban cust
State Water Project Who operates?Serves:
DWR- began operation in 1970’s - still not completed29 agencies, 70% municipal and 30% agricul
State Water Project main reservoir?Generates what percentage of State’s hydro powe?
Lake Orovil40%
Bay Delta-what is it?What are its water reources?
Largest estuary on west coast of North AmericaSacramento, San Joaquin, and other riversBoth State Water Project (SWP)) and Central Valley Project (CVP) supplies travel through delta channels, disruptig natural flows
In Norther Nevada - who is responsible for water and what percentage comes from surface and what delivery system?
85% surface water from Truckee River served by Truckee Meadows Water Authority
Southern Nevada - where does water come from and who handles it?
90% surface water from Colorado River and the Southern Nevada Water Authority handles it.
Rural Nevada where from
Nevada Rural Water Assn
Other water resources
desalMelting Ice Bergscondensing water vapor - seeding clouds?Cisterns and rain water captureRecycled water from wastewate treatment - non-potable uses - irrg and industryGroundwater injection- prevents seawater intrusionGrey water- limited quantities, potential public health issues
Recycled water definition and what is the water code
Water Code Section 13050water which as a result of treatment of waste, is suitable for direct beneficial use or a controlled use that would not otherwiswe occur and is therefore considered a valuable resourceregulated by the State Water resources Control Board
Water Rights to Colorado river - what are they?
Law of the river - CR allocated among seven states, Amer Indians, and Mexico : Colorado Wyooming Utah New Mexco Arizona Nevada CaliforniaBeneficial Use - water cannot be wastedrights can be lost if water use is not deemed both beneficial and efficient
CUWCC - when formed - what did it do?
Formed in 1991 with MOUMOU had 14 best mngm practices2008 changed to five and added flex tracknow incorporated into state law in SB 7x-7 The Water Conservation Act of 2009
UWMP required when?
suppliers with >300 connections and /or delivery of >3000 AF/yrdemand forcast of at least 20 yrsincludes water shortage contingency planssources of water for all new deelopments need to be identified in advanceprovide descrip of Demand Mngm Measures - DMMS N- new BMPs
Who handles agricultural demands?
Agricultural Water Management Council created in 1996 for farms >10,000 acres16 MOUs with 16 BMPsif shown to be cost-effective must be implemented
SB7x-7 requires what for Agriculture?
Agricultural Water Mgmt plans are required to be submitted to DWR
Agricultural Water Efficient Practices include:
SurveysIncentive pricing - tier pricingefficient irrg saytems - micro spray/dripother tillage, soil, irrigation actinstailwater reuse, and canal lining and mgmt runoff sent to ditch and then reused
Nevada Conservation: resource plans required to be updated every ____ years
5
Nevada resource plans must:
comply with NRS (Nevada Revised Statures) 540 (effective 2007)
Area of rectangle 24 inches wide adn 10 feet long?
2” x 10” = 20 sq ft
Area of circle:
Area of circle = pie r squared
cross sectional area of an 18 inch pipe?
3.14 x 18/12 = 3.14 x 3/4 squared =
Volume of a cube
(Length x width) x height
Volume of a cylinder
height x area of base
vomume of storage tank 25 feet wide by 50 ft long by 15 feet deep
25x50x15 = 18,750 ft cubed
volume os a storage tank that measures 50 feet in diameter by 20 ft deeep?
3.14 x xr squared x height3.14 x 25 x 25 x 20 = 39,250 ft squared
Gallons in 39,250 ft cubed
39250 x 7.48/1 cubic foot =
1 CCF is ________________
1 HCF or 748 gallons
How many gallons of water to Irrigate lawn that is 25 ft by 16 ft wide at 1.5 “ of water
16 ft x 25 ft x 1.5”x 1 ft/12” =
What is demand hardening?
The long term decrease in overall system demand, due to increased use of conservation measures
Water Pressure and flow rate are __________________________ flows reduce system _________
complimentaryHigh pressure
conservation __________ flow rates, and should thus increase system pressures - but usually not __________ increases
reducessignificant
Min system pressure is _______ (for emergency - fire)
20 p.s.i.
Water Loss Control sources of water (________) >> treatment >>>> distribution system >> customer
possible losses
Water Loss Control System Audits are:
comprehensive metering of water flowsfrequent meter accuracy checksidentify “gaps” in water inventoryidentifying “non-revenue” water
Leak detection - from where and percentage of water losses.
find leaks: from system audits from system inspections including using sonic devices zero-read teste (meters that have malfunctioned)3-15%
Water Meters and water loss water meters are an essential tool for what?
for efficient water use- this is true for test but may not be in real world
Type of water meters or flow type.
positive displacementvelocity (current)pressure differentialmagneticultrasonic
What is a nutating disk water meter?
It is a positive displacement meterdisk wobbles and indicates vol of water passed5/8”-2” most commonwill underregister as gets oldernot for continuous high flow
What is a velocity meter?
velocity of water turns propeller or called turbinenot good for suspended solid wateralso known as “Current” meters2”-8”large volume
What is a venturi flow meter?
pres measured before and within the constriction pres differential is used o calculate flowuses Bernoulli’s equationcan do clean, dirty, viscous, liquids
What type of meter uses a circular hole?
Orifice Plate Flow Meter
Explain an orifice plate flow meter
flat orifice plate with a circular holepres measured upstream and downsteam of platefluid flow measured by pres differentialclean, dirty liquids, some slurry
What type of meter does not have any parts in the liquid flow?
Magnetic Flow Meterwell-suited for raw surface water flowsfor sludge and wastewaterlow friction loss through metervoltage induced as fluid moves at right angle through magnetic field is proportional to velocity of fluid”Faraday’s Law”
Do meters have limit to max readings?
Yes, a 200 gpm meter will not register flows above 200 gpm even is customer uses more
Do meters have limits on theirm min reading capability?
Yes. Typicall 10:1 range.Flows below 10 percent may not register on meter 200 gpm meer may not sense flows below 20 gpm
What meter is used for wide range of flows?
Compound meter used for customers with flow range of greater that 10:1Nutating disk for low flowsturbine meter for high flowsusually used for 3”-8” industrial/commercial connections
For meter accuracy meters must meet AWWA accuracy standards (M6 Manual). What is typical accuracy range?
plus or minus 1.5%min res meter flow rates: 0.25 - 0.50 gpmnormal useful life of meter 15-25 yrsproper install of meter critical to accuracy
What is primary purpose of water rates?
Recover all costs oftiered service
What is secondary purpose of water rates?
Encourage conservation (by tier rate structure)
What are the type of rates?
Flat Rate- non metereddeclining rate - volume discout-more you se less you pay per unitInclining rate - most common-tiered-more you use more you pay
What is the base rate or _____ charge?
servucecharge each billing period regardless of how much water you use
What is the commodity charge?
charge for the actual commodity usage - has tiers for inclining and declining rates
For inclining obviously charge ________ in each tier
increased
Example of w commodity and base rate bill
base rate: $12/monthTier 1 rate: $1/ccf for first 10 ccfTier 2 Rate: $2/ccf for next 10 ccfTier 3 Rate: $3/ccf for any additional use
In 4 hrs water tank volume increases by 24,000 gals. What is the flow rate?
Must be in gals/min24,000 gals/4 hrs = 6,000 gals/hr x 1 hr/60mins = 100 gals/min
4 hrs volume increase by 24,000 gals. What is flow rate of water filling the tank?
Must want in gals/min.24,000 gals/4 hrs x 1 hr/60 mins = 100 gals/min
Ga;s pf water cam be pumped in six hrs if pumping rate is 2000 gpm?
2,000 gals/min x 6 hrs x 60 mins/1 hr = 200 gallons720,000
How long to drain a 200,000 gallon pool at rate is 5,000 gpm?
200,000 gals x 1 min/5,000 gals = 40 mins
Gals of water dispensed by single spray irrig head flowing at 1.0 gpm for 5 mins?
1.0 gals/min x 5 mins = 5 gals
gals of water dispensed by a group of 12 spray irrg heads that each flow at 0.5 gpm for 4 mins?
12 spray heads x 0.5 gals/min x 4 mins = 24 gals
What % of res use is typically used outdoors?
50%
What is the highest user of water indoors SF?
toilets
% of indoor res water use?
16.9% SH, 26.7% toilets, 13.7% leaks, 5.3% other, 21.7% clothes washer, 15.7% faucets
What do you do about SF res audit?
“Audit” or “survey”Look at historical water use - billing data, meter readsCheck for leaks - dye test, visual inspection, water meterretrofit - SH, Aer, Automatic hose shut off nozzle, etcInspect landscape and irrig sys look at irrig sched, do catch can test, soil core samplinginspec “other” outdoor water usesList all potenaial wate saving opportunitiestrack results, eval measures
What are the mzx standards for SH, faucets, toilets, urinals?
Federal Title 42 U.S. Code, sec 6295
AWE?Plumbing codes:USGBCLEED for homesREGREEN
Alliance for Water EfficiencyUS Green Bldg CouncilLeadership in Energy & Environmental DesignSF low riseMF MF midrizeREGREEN Residential remodeling Program
Federal Energy Policy Act of 1992
I think this set the 2.5 gpm SH? and 2.2 gpm aerators
Fixture and Appliance Efficiency SH water effic over years Toilet eff over yrs Faucet aerator Clothes Washers
SH 1975 3.5 1980 2.5 1992 2.5 2009 2.5 2011 2.0Toilets 1975 5.0 1980 3.6 1992 1.6 2009 1.6 2011 1.28Faucets 1975 2.5 1980 2.5 1992 2.5 2009 2.2 2011 2.8CW 1975 15 1980 15 1992 15 2009 8.5 2011 6
Urinal types?
Low Flow - 0.5 gpfUltra Low Flow - 0.125 gpf (1/8)Waterless - 0 gpf
Largest user in house?2nd largest user?3rd largest user?
ToiletsClothes WashersSH - max of 2.0 gpm at 80 p.s.i.
Rating for bathroom faucet low volume aerator?WaterSense faucet aerator?
1.8 gpm at 80 p.s.i.1.5 gpm at 60 psi
Actual faucet water flow is ____ or rated flow and why?
2/3’s because faucet is usually not operated fully open
Automated faucet metered valve gpc?
gallons/cycle 0.25 gpc usually 10 secs
Dishwashers congress enacted H.R. 6?
2007
Dishwashers - Jan 1 2010 new numbers:
355 kWh per year; 6.5 gpc
Outdoor water use comprises ____ to ____ of all household water use in CA
50 to 70%
Nevada - what % is outdoor use?
55%
Other outdoor uses beyond landscape?
car washing, cleaning, pools/spas
Fountain water loss possibilities?
evaporation, splash, leaks, cleaning
A hotel converts 40 SH from 3.5 gpm to 1.8 gpm units. Annual water savings from (2) 10 min showers daily.
40 x (3.5 gpm - 1.8 gpm) x 20 mins x 365 days/1 year = 496,400
Hotel converst 40 SH from 3.5 gpm to 1.8 gpm. Annual water savings? 10 min showers, 2 per day
40 SH x (3.5 gpm-1.8 gpm) x 20 x 365 days/yr = 496,400
Home coverts 1/3 of its .6 acre lawn to hardscape. Lawn consumed 48 inches of water/yr what is their annual water savings?
1/3 x 0.6 acre x 43560 sf/1 acre x 4 ft= 34,848 cubic ft
Home converts 1/2 of its .6 acre to hardscape. If lawn consumed 48 inces of water per year, what is their annual water savings?
34,848 cu ft x 7.48 gallons/cu ft = 260,663
Different ways to classify commercial?
SIC Codes (OSHA Standard Indust Classification)NAICE Codes (North American Industry Classification System)NIC Code (National Industrial Classification)
What are the typical Major Water Uses in CII sector?
Heat transfer (heating/cooling)Domestic uses (toilets, urinals)Landscape irrigation
What are the typical major water uses in Industrial (manufacturing/ processing)
heat transfer (heating/cooling)material transfer (Industrial processing)CleaningIngredient
What are some of the CII Conservation Incentives?
reduce water, sewer, and/or energy costs, reduce meter size, facility infrastructure , staffRestrictions or penalties for wasteAssistance w/replacement of inefficent equip: heating, cooling, plumbing, irrigationAlways thin “BOTTOM LINE”
What are some of the typical CII wc measures?
Faucet/toilet/urinal retrofitSH repPRSN repServing water by request onlyClothes washer retrofitWBIC installIrrigation surveysCooling tower/boiler improvementsProcess water recirculation
Issues with CII Conervation - “COSTS”?
Upfront investmentLost time during retrofitROI not good enoughEmployee culture to changeConservation effects - to operations, processes, maintenance, etc.Disconnect between person using water, and person payging bill.
What is entailed in a basic CII Survey?
Need customer support by explaining the purpose and processOn-site water use inventory where and how muchCalculate coste water, sewer, energy,treatmentIdentify potential efficienciesPaybackImplement conservation plantrack results
How much water does commercial dishwashers use?
2.5 and 8 gpm for conveyor and spray
How much water do icemakes use?
Typically 20-90 gals to make 100 lbs ice (depending on ice quality)
Typical useful life of an icemaker?
5 years - use flake instead of cube if possible.
CII laundry machines use how much water?
2.5 to 3.5 gals per pound of laundry
Save water in CII Laundry by doing what?
wash full loads onlyrinse reuse/water treatment continuous batch reuses some rinse water (not 1st rinse)reduce demand - towel reuse, disposable “linen”newer equipment
Cost Savings equals?
Water Saved x Water Rate
A landscaping project will save 34,812 ft 3 of water per year. If rate is $3/ccf what is the annual cost savings?
34,812 ft3 x $3/100ft3 = $1,044.36
What is the abbreviation for plants w/lower water requirements?
WUCOLS
What does water provide for plants?
mineral transport, plant metabolism, structural support, chemical transport through plant, cooling mechanism.
Give the particle size of each type of soil?
Clay - smallest particle size, least permeable, high runoff pot (
Water is lost to atmosphere from what actions?
Evaporation + Transpiration = evapotransporation
What is reference ETo?
the evapotranspiration from healthy, adequately watered, well maintained cool season grass 4 to 6 inches in height and is measured by local weather stations
Crop coefficients are used to do what?
To convert measured ETo into actual ET of other specific crops.
What does WUCOLS stand for and what does it mean?
Water Use Classification of Landscape SpeciesIt is a guide designed to identify irrig water needs of landscape species - for over 1,900 species used in CA ;amdsca[es om 7 dofferemt c;o,atoc regopms
Give percentages pf reference ETp fpr WUCOLS?
H - 70-90% EToM - 40-60% EToL - 10-30% EToVL-
When and only when should you use turf?
When the landscape needs to tolerate wear (children, animals, sports)
What types of turf are there?
Cool season - tend to be evergreen and require regular summer water (Marathon sod (fescue and are usually overwatered).Warm season grasses - usually go dormant in the winter (turn brown), but use substantially less water from the cool season grasses
Types of cool season turf grass.
Cool Season- fescue, rye grass (perenial/ annuarKentucky Blue grassBent grass
Types of warm season turf grass?
Hbrid Bermuda, St Augustine, Zoysia grass, buffalo grass
Turf Grass Maintenance help?
raise mowing height in summer monthsspring and fall irrig sys inspectioncheck soil moisure (core probe)adjust drip irrg emitters as plants maturewater deep and infrequentlydist uniformity - even water applabove is for established plants
Landscape water budgets. The __________________ Model Landscape Ordinance
California Code of Regulations Title 23 Waters, division DWR
misters for outdoor cooling. How much do they use?
0.5 and 1.5 gal/hr per nozzle
Where should you wash your car?
At a commercial car wash since they re circulate wash water
A 100-room hotel is retrofitting its fixtures to save water. all units are rented every day of the yr. 86 of 100 toilets, installed in 1980 (3.6 gpf), are replaced with 1.6 gpf tmodels. Toilets are used 4xs/day.All 100 SH (1990 - 2.5 gpm) are replace with 1.8 gpm models. Used 2xs each day for 10 mins each time. All 100 faucets (1990-2.5 gpf) are replaced w/1.5 gpm aerators. faucets used 20 mins/day.Five clothes washers (51 gpl) are replace with 27 gpl models. 20% of the rooms will wash one load per day. How many gals of water this hotel save in one yr.
Toilets(3.6-1.6)x 86 x 4 x 365 = 251,120SH(2.5-1.8) x 100 x 2 x 10 x 365 =511,000FA(2.5-1.5) x 100 x 20 x 365 = 730,000CW(51-27)x.2x1000*1*365=3,504,000Total 4,996,120
