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Biology: Module 2: Foundations in Biology > Water & Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Water & Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

How does hydrogen bonding occur between water molecules?

A
  • Water is polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen so there are partial positive and negative parts
  • positive and negative parts of different molecules attract each other
  • forming hydrogen bonds
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2
Q

Properties of water

A
  • High boiling point
  • less dense when solid than when liquid
  • cohesive
  • adhesive
  • high surface tension
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3
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction of molecules to each other.

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4
Q

Roles of water

A

Solvent, transport medium, coolant, stable habitat

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5
Q

Which properties of water make it a good solvent?

A

*H+ is attracted to negative ions of solute
* O- is attracted to negative ions
* Ions get surrounded by H2O molecules
* polar substances get dissolved

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6
Q

Which properties of water make it a good transport medium?

A
  • Cohesive - water molecules stick together due to its polarity
  • Helps water to flow and be transported up plant stems
  • Adhesive - helps to transport substances in blood and plants
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7
Q

What allows water to do capillary action?

A
  • Adhesion & cohesion
  • Surface tension - water contracts to resist forces
  • capillary action - Water moves up a tube against the force of gravity - in blood & plant stem
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8
Q

Capillary action

A

Water can move up a tube against the force of gravity

  • Escpecially in arms & legs
  • So that blood can reach the heart
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9
Q

What makes water a good habitat to live in?

A
  • Doesn’t change temperature easily - HSHC
  • hydrogen bonds absorb lots of energy.
  • less dense as a solid so will float when it freezes
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10
Q

What makes water a good coolant?

A
  • It takes a lot of energy to overcome the hydrogen bonds
  • lots energy to evaporate
  • cools surface of skin
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11
Q

Monomer

A

Molecule that consists of a single unit and can join with others to form a polymer

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12
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules called monomers

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13
Q

Chemical elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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14
Q

Chemical elements in lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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15
Q

Chemical elements in proteins

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

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16
Q

Chemical elements in nucleic acids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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17
Q

What is glucose an example of?

A

Hexose monosaccharide

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18
Q

Example of a hexose monosaccharide

A

Glucose

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19
Q

What is ribose an example of?

A

Pentose monosaccharide

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20
Q

Example of a pentose monosaccharide

A

Ribose

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21
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

A
  • alpha glucose OH group on carbon 1 is down.
  • In beta glucose, it is up.
22
Q

Difference between a hexose and pentose monosaccharide

A
  • hexose sugar = 6 carbons.
  • pentose sugar = 5 carbons.
23
Q

How is a disaccharide synthesised?

A
  • OH group removed from one monosaccharide
  • H removed from the other in a condensation reaction
  • glycosidic bond forms between carbons 1 and 4
24
Q

How are disaccharides broken down?

A
  • Hydrolysis reactions occur
  • catalysed by enzymes
  • which adds a water molecule to break the glycosidic bond
25
Q

Monosaccharides in sucrose

A

Glucose, fructose

26
Q

What do glucose and fructose make?

A

Sucrose

27
Q

Monosaccharides in lactose

A

Galactose, glucose

28
Q

What do galactose and glucose make?

A

Lactose

29
Q

Monosaccharides in maltose

A

Two glucoses

30
Q

What do two glucoses make?

A

Maltose

31
Q

Structure of starch

A

Two polysaccharides in amylose and amylopectin,

32
Q

Structure of amylose

A

Made of alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds, the angle of the bond makes it twist to form a helix, stabilised by hydrogen bonding

33
Q

Structure of amylopectin

A

Made of alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, 1-6 bonds give a branched structure, 1-6 bonds occur every 25 glucose subunits

34
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

More branched than amylopectin, made of alpha glucose molecules

35
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Made of beta glucose molecules, unable to bond like alpha glucose molecules because the OH groups are too far from each other, alternate beta glucose molecules rotate by 180 degrees, straight chain molecule forms, cellulose molecules make hydrogen bonds thus forming microfibrils, the microfibrils join together to form macrofibrils, macrofibrils combine together to form fibres

36
Q

Properties of glucose

A

Polar, soluble

37
Q

Why it is important that glucose is soluble

A

Glucose is dissolved in the cytosol of the cell

38
Q

Function of glucose

A

To be used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP which can provide energy.

39
Q

Why is glucose soluble?

A

Hydrogen bonds can form between hydroxyl groups and water molecules.

40
Q

Properties of amylose

A

Compact, insoluble

41
Q

Why is amylose compact?

A

Hydrogen bonds within the molecule that stabilise it

42
Q

Why is amylose insoluble?

A

It’s compact

43
Q

Why is it important that amylose is compact and insoluble?

A

Makes it an effective chemical energy store

44
Q

Properties of amylopectin

A

Insoluble, branched, compact

45
Q

Why is amylopectin compact?

A

it is branched, made up of glucose molecules joined by 1, 4 and 1, 6 glycosidie bonds

46
Q

Why is the branched nature of amylopectin AND glycogen important for their function?

A

side branches, rapidly digested by enzymes therefore energy is released quickly.

47
Q

Properties of glycogen

A

Insoluble, branched, compact

48
Q

Properties of cellulose

A

Strong, insoluble

49
Q

Functions of cellulose

A

Cell walls, roughage

50
Q

What makes cellulose so strong?

A

cellulose chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong microfibrils. provides structural support for cells

51
Q

Why is cellulose good as roughage?

A

It is hard to break down into monomers

Biology: Module 2: Foundations in Biology (10 decks)

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