Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology: Module 2: Foundations in Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parts of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear envelope
  • SER
  • RER
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • chloroplasts
  • cell surface plasma membrane
  • centrioles
  • cell wall
  • flagella
  • cilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of the nucleus

A
  • Contains genetic information in the form of DNA molecules which directs the synthesis of proteins for the cell
  • Making it indirectly responsible for the metabolic activity in the cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the nucleus indirectly responsible for the metabolic activity of a cell?

A

Some of the proteins produced will be enzymes necessary for metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of the nucleolus

A

To produce ribosomes when the ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus combines with proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of the nuclear envelope

A
  • To protect the genetic material from damage in the cytoplasm
  • To allow molecules to move in and out of the cell through nuclear pores.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of membranes containing cisternae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

To synthesise and transport proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

To transport and synthesise and store lipids and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Description of the Golgi Apparatus

A
  • A group of fluid filled
  • Membrane-bound
  • Flattened sacs with vesicles at the edge of the sacs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Description of ribosomes

A
  • Very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the RER.
  • Made up of protein and RNA.
  • Not membrane bound.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

To modify and package proteins into vesicles which can be secretory vesicles or lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Description of mitochondria

A
  • Oval-shaped.
  • Double membrane: outer- controls what enters and leaves. inner- packed with proteins involved in aerobic respiration and is folded into cristae.
  • Inside the inner membrane is gel like matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration.
  • There are mitochondrial ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA- allow self-replication in response to increased energy demand.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of the ribosomes

A

To be the site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

To be the site of the final stages of aerobic respiration where the energy stored in the bonds in chemical respiration is made available in the production of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Description of lysosomes

A
  • A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure.
  • Contains digestive/hydrolytic enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break down waste material such as old organelles, to break down pathogens ingested by phagocytic cells, apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

To be the site of photosynthesis

18
Q

Function of the cell surface plasma membrane

A
  • To control the entry and exit of molecules into and out of the cell.
  • Has receptor molecules on it, which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
19
Q

Description of centrioles

A
  • Components of cytoskeleton.
  • Made of microtubules arranged in 9 triplets in a circular shape.
20
Q

Function of the centrioles

A

Assemble the spindles during cell division used for the separation of chromosomes.

21
Q

Function of the cell wall

A
  • To give the plant cell a shape
  • To make the cell rigid and the plant as well
  • Acts as a defence mechanism against pathogens
22
Q

Description of flagella

A
  • Long hair-like extension that protrude from cells.
  • Eukaryotic - made of two microtubules and nine pairs around the edge (9+2 formation).
  • Prokaryotic - made of the protein flagellin in a helix arrangement.
23
Q

Function of flagella

A

Enables cell mobility + detect chemical changes in the environment as a sensory organelle

24
Q

Description of cilia

A

Short hair-like extensions that protrude from some cells can be stationary or mobile.

25
Q

Function of cilia

A
  • Stationary cilia- help sensory organs such as the nose.
  • Mobile cilia- beat in a rhythmic manner, moving fluids in different directions.
  • Eg, in the trachea to waft up mucus away from the lungs.
26
Q

Description of chloroplasts

A
  • Small flattened structure
  • Found in Plant cells
  • Double membrane
  • Contains thylakoid membranes stacked up in some parts to form grana which are linked together by lamellae
27
Q

Interrelationship between organelles involved in the production and secretion of proteins

A
  • The nucleus contains a gene for the desired protein and is the site of transcription and produces mRNA via transcription.
  • The mRNA leaves through the nuclear pores.
  • The protein is synthesised on ribosomes bound to RER.
  • Folded and processed in the RER
  • They are pinched off into transport vesicles
  • The vesicles go to Golgi apparatus via the transport function of the cytoskeleton
  • The vesicles fuse with cis face of the Golgi Apparatus, proteins enter the Golgi.
  • The proteins are structurally modified they leave via the trans face.
  • The secretory vesicles carry proteins to fuse with the cell surface membrane.
  • The vesicles release their contents by exocytosis.
  • Sometimes the vesicles remain in the cell as lysosomes.
28
Q

Similarities in the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Both have cytoskeletons, both have cell surface membranes

29
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells in comparison to prokaryotic cells.

A
  • Large cells- 10-100 micrometres diameter
  • Linear DNA
  • DNA inside nucleus
  • Cellulose cell wall (plants) Chitin cell wall (fungi)
  • Contains both non- membrane-bound and membrane bound organelles
  • Flagella made of microtubules in 9+2 formation
  • Larger ribosomes- 80s
30
Q

Describe prokaryotic in comparison to eukaryotic cells

A
  • Extremely small cells- less than 2 micrometres diameter
  • Have no nucleus so DNA is free in cytoplasm.
  • Has circular DNA.
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Smaller ribosomes - 70s
  • Peptidoglycan cell wall
  • Flagella made of protein flagellin arranged in a helix
31
Q

Differences (Non-structural) between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission whereas eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually or sexually,

32
Q

Features of plant cells that aren’t in animal cells

A
  • Large permanent vacuole
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
33
Q

Features of animal cells that aren’t in plant cells

A
  • Centrioles
  • Glycogen granules
34
Q

The cytoskeleton in cells consists of microtubules and microfilaments. Describe the roles of the cytoskeleton. (3 marks) (Exam Q)

A
  1. Protein of the cytoskeleton cause the cell to move. (movement of cilia and flagella)
  2. Maintains shape of cell
  3. Involved in the movement of materials within the cell. (movement of chromosomes during cell division)
  4. Involved in changing the cell shape. (muscle contraction or cytokinesis)
35
Q

How does the cytoskeleton help with transport within the cells?

A

Microtubule motors on the microtules can move the organelles

36
Q

Examples of microtubule motors

A
  • Kinesin
  • Dynein
37
Q

How does the cytoskeleton enable cell movement?

A
  • Arms on microtubules made of dynenin push one microtubule ahead of the other
  • Causes structure to bend
38
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate fibres
39
Q

Describe microfilaments and its role

A
  • Fibres made from the protein Actin.
  • They are responsible for movement of the cell and cytoplasm during cytokinesis.
40
Q

Describe microtubules and its role

A
  • Formed by the gobular protein Tubulin.
  • They polymerise to form tubes that determine the shape of the cell.
  • They also act as tracks for organelles moving around the cell
41
Q

Describe intermediate fibres and its role

A
  • To give mechanical strength to cells.
  • Helps maintain integrity.

Biology: Module 2: Foundations in Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions