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RUSVM Physiology II > Water Balance > Flashcards

Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Asymmetrically arranged electrons on a water molecule makes it ________

A

Polar

Slightly negative end, and slightly positive end

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2
Q

Transient binding of water molecules

A

Hydrogen bond

Bound to others “flickering cluster”

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3
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solute dissolved in a solvent

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4
Q

Substances that dissolve readily in water (ions or polar molecules)

A

Hydrophilic

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5
Q

Molecules with no polar bonds, insoluble in water. (C-H bonds)

A

Hydrophobic molecules

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6
Q

Methods of water intake

A

Ingested (drinking) liquid
Ingested food
Metabolic water, by-product of respiration

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7
Q

Where is water lost?

A

Kidney
Skin (sweat)
Lungs - exhaled water vapor
GI tract- feces

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8
Q

When is an animal in fluid balance?

A

When the water gained each day is equal to the amount lost

Requires regulation of body water content and distribution

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9
Q

Two-thirds of body fluid is __________ fluid

A

Intracellular

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10
Q

One-third of body fluid is _____________ fluid

A

Extracellular

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11
Q

About 80% of ECF is ____________ and 20% is in _______________

A

Interstitial

Plasma

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12
Q

About 1% of ECF is found is spaces such as lymphatic vessels, CSF, synovial joints, humors of the eye, ect. What is this water called?

A

Trancellular water

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

Membrane is selectively permeable to water and ions

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14
Q

What does it mean for diffusion to be balanced?

A

Amount moving into a cell is equal to the amount moving out.

Net movement of water is zero and cell volume remains constant

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15
Q

Physiological adjustments are regulated by ________

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Hormone-mediated responses to water balance usually affect what?

A

Dietary absorption and urinary excretion

17
Q

What are the functions of electrolytes in the body?

A

Normal cell metabolism and body structure (eg Ca2+ in bone)

Facilitate osmotic movement of water

Maintain hydrogen ion concentration

Production and maintenance of membrane potential and action potential

18
Q

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3- have a higher concentration inside/outside the cell?

A

Outside

Extracellular

19
Q

K+, Mg2+, Phosphate, and proteins have a higher concentration inside/outside the cell?

A

Inside

Intracellular

20
Q

What functions of the body require CA2+

A 
Bone and teeth building 
Blood coagulation 
Muscle contraction 
Neural transmission 
Enzyme activation 
Messenger molecule
21
Q

What is the function of Cl- in the body?

A

HCl in the stomach

Neve impulses

22
Q

What is the function of Mg2+ in the body?

A

Enzyme activation

Neural transmission

23
Q

What is the function of K+ in the body?

A

Regulate water and electrolyte content of ICF
Neve impulse
Acid-base balance

24
Q

What is the function of Na+ in the body?

A 
Fluid volume of ECF
Increase plasma membrane permeability 
Body water distribution 
Acid-base balance 
Nerve transmission
25
Q

A major change in solute concentration affects what?

A

Water distribution

26
Q

What is transcellular fluid? Does it have a major role in fluid balance in the body?

A

Fluid within a body compartment (eg ocular fluid, CSF)

No affect on fluid balance of body

27
Q

A fluid shift occurs due to changes in _______ of the ECF

A

Osmolality

28
Q

What three hormones normally regulate fluid loss?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
Aldosterone 
Atrial natriureteic peptide (ANP)
29
Q

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulates ADH release due to (increase/decrease)? In osmolarity

A

Increase

The greater the osmolarity, the more ADH released

30
Q

ADH relapse has what two important effects?

A

Stimulates water conservation at the kidneys,reducing urinary water loss and concentrating the urine

Stimulate thirst center

31
Q

The higher the aldosterone concentration the more efficiently the kidneys will (reabsorb or secrete)? Sodium

A

Reabsorb

Conservation of sodium ions stimulates water retention

32
Q

What three conditions leads to increased release of aldosterone ?

A

Fall in plasma volume / decrease blood pressure

Increased ECF osmolarity-> Na+ is not reabsorbed

Increased ECF K+ -> stimulate K=excretion

33
Q

ANP release is stimulated by?

A

Abnormal stretching of atrial walls caused by high BP

34
Q

How does ANP reduce blood volume and BP?

A

Increase water loss at kidney
Reduce thirst
Block release of ADH
Peripheral vasodilation

35
Q

_______ is the presence of excess fluid in the tissues (mainly ECC)

A

Edema

36
Q

What are the common causes of intracellular edema?

A

Hyponatermia
Depression of metabolic systems of the cells
Reduced nutrition of cells
Inflammation

37
Q

What are the common causes of extracellular edema?

A

Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces

Failure of the lymphatic vessels to return fluid from the tissues back into the blood (lymphedema)

Increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma protein, increased capillary permeability, blockage of lymph return

RUSVM Physiology II (11 decks)

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