Water Balance

Question 1

Asymmetrically arranged electrons on a water molecule makes it ________

Answer 1

Polar

Slightly negative end, and slightly positive end

Question 2

Transient binding of water molecules

Answer 2

Hydrogen bond

Bound to others “flickering cluster”

Question 3

What is a solution?

Answer 3

A solute dissolved in a solvent

Question 4

Substances that dissolve readily in water (ions or polar molecules)

Answer 4

Hydrophilic

Question 5

Molecules with no polar bonds, insoluble in water. (C-H bonds)

Answer 5

Hydrophobic molecules

Question 6

Methods of water intake

Answer 6

Ingested (drinking) liquid
Ingested food
Metabolic water, by-product of respiration

Question 7

Where is water lost?

Answer 7

Kidney
Skin (sweat)
Lungs - exhaled water vapor
GI tract- feces

Question 8

When is an animal in fluid balance?

Answer 8

When the water gained each day is equal to the amount lost

Requires regulation of body water content and distribution

Question 9

Two-thirds of body fluid is __________ fluid

Answer 9

Intracellular

Question 10

One-third of body fluid is _____________ fluid

Answer 10

Extracellular

Question 11

About 80% of ECF is ____________ and 20% is in _______________

Answer 11

Interstitial

Plasma

Question 12

About 1% of ECF is found is spaces such as lymphatic vessels, CSF, synovial joints, humors of the eye, ect. What is this water called?

Answer 12

Trancellular water

Question 13

Osmosis

Answer 13

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

Membrane is selectively permeable to water and ions

Question 14

What does it mean for diffusion to be balanced?

Answer 14

Amount moving into a cell is equal to the amount moving out.

Net movement of water is zero and cell volume remains constant

Question 15

Physiological adjustments are regulated by ________

Answer 15

Hormones

Question 16

Hormone-mediated responses to water balance usually affect what?

Answer 16

Dietary absorption and urinary excretion

Question 17

What are the functions of electrolytes in the body?

Answer 17

Normal cell metabolism and body structure (eg Ca2+ in bone)

Facilitate osmotic movement of water

Maintain hydrogen ion concentration

Production and maintenance of membrane potential and action potential

Question 18

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and HCO3- have a higher concentration inside/outside the cell?

Answer 18

Outside

Extracellular

Question 19

K+, Mg2+, Phosphate, and proteins have a higher concentration inside/outside the cell?

Answer 19

Inside

Intracellular

Question 20

What functions of the body require CA2+

Answer 20

Bone and teeth building 
Blood coagulation 
Muscle contraction 
Neural transmission 
Enzyme activation 
Messenger molecule

Question 21

What is the function of Cl- in the body?

Answer 21

HCl in the stomach

Neve impulses

Question 22

What is the function of Mg2+ in the body?

Answer 22

Enzyme activation

Neural transmission

Question 23

What is the function of K+ in the body?

Answer 23

Regulate water and electrolyte content of ICF
Neve impulse
Acid-base balance

Question 24

What is the function of Na+ in the body?

Answer 24

Fluid volume of ECF
Increase plasma membrane permeability 
Body water distribution 
Acid-base balance 
Nerve transmission

Question 25

A major change in solute concentration affects what?

Answer 25

Water distribution

Question 26

What is transcellular fluid? Does it have a major role in fluid balance in the body?

Answer 26

Fluid within a body compartment (eg ocular fluid, CSF) No affect on fluid balance of body

Question 27

A fluid shift occurs due to changes in _______ of the ECF

Answer 27

Osmolality

Question 28

What three hormones normally regulate fluid loss?

Answer 28

``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone Atrial natriureteic peptide (ANP) ```

Question 29

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulates ADH release due to (increase/decrease)? In osmolarity

Answer 29

Increase The greater the osmolarity, the more ADH released

Question 30

ADH relapse has what two important effects?

Answer 30

Stimulates water conservation at the kidneys,reducing urinary water loss and concentrating the urine Stimulate thirst center

Question 31

The higher the aldosterone concentration the more efficiently the kidneys will (reabsorb or secrete)? Sodium

Answer 31

Reabsorb Conservation of sodium ions stimulates water retention

Question 32

What three conditions leads to increased release of aldosterone ?

Answer 32

Fall in plasma volume / decrease blood pressure Increased ECF osmolarity-> Na+ is not reabsorbed Increased ECF K+ -> stimulate K=excretion

Question 33

ANP release is stimulated by?

Answer 33

Abnormal stretching of atrial walls caused by high BP

Question 34

How does ANP reduce blood volume and BP?

Answer 34

Increase water loss at kidney Reduce thirst Block release of ADH Peripheral vasodilation

Question 35

_______ is the presence of excess fluid in the tissues (mainly ECC)

Answer 35

Edema

Question 36

What are the common causes of intracellular edema?

Answer 36

Hyponatermia Depression of metabolic systems of the cells Reduced nutrition of cells Inflammation

Question 37

What are the common causes of extracellular edema?

Answer 37

Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces Failure of the lymphatic vessels to return fluid from the tissues back into the blood (lymphedema) Increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma protein, increased capillary permeability, blockage of lymph return