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RUSVM Physiology II > GI2 > Flashcards

GI2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three levels of surface infoldings in the small intestines?

A

Plicae circulares
Villi
Microvilli

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2
Q

What are the gland like structures at the base of the villi in the small intestine?

A

Crypts of Leiberkuhn

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3
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the small intestine and what do they secrete ?

A

Mature enterocytes
Goblet cells- mucus
Paneth cells - antimicrobial enzymes and peptides
Enteroendocrine cells- CCK, secretin, and. GIP

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4
Q

What tubulo alveolar glands are located in the small intestine ?

A

Brunner gland

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5
Q

Brunners glands secrete what? And what is function of these secretions?

A

Glycoproteins and bicarbonate ion.

Protection of small intestine mucosa by neutralizing the acid-containing chyme delivered to it from the stomach

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6
Q

What immune system components are present in the small intestine?

A

M fold cells phagocytose bacteria

Antigen presentation in peyers patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Production of IgA antibodies that are secreted in the mucus

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7
Q

____________ cells of the small intestine arise from stem cells and differentiate into the cells of the small intestine

A

Progenitor

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8
Q

When food is hyperosmotic what is the direction of water movement?

A

Alll water secretion mediated by osmosis

Hyperosmotic draws water from the lateral spaces into intestinal lumen

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9
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed from the intestine directed?

A

Hepatic portal vein passes through the liver

Lymphatic drainage enters blood stream through thoracic duct

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10
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, and lipids

Storage of glycogen, lipid, vitamins, copper, and iron

Synthesis of bile, hormones, and immune system components

Biotransformation of medications, xenobiotics, and byproduct metabolism

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11
Q

What proteins are synthesized in the liver?

A 
Albumins
Lipoproteins 
Glycoproteins 
Prothrombin and fibrinogen 
Nonimmune a- and b- globulins
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12
Q

What hormones are synthesized in the liver?

A

Angiotensin gen -> prohomrone
Thrombopoetin -> hormone (growth factor)
IGF -> IGF 1 and 2
Hepcidin ->small peptide hormone

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13
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

Conversion of toxic molecules into non-toxic, water soluble and excretable substances
(Increase polarity of drugs)

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14
Q

What are the two phases of biotransformation?

A

Phase 1: oxidation adds a OH group (hydroxylation) or a COOH groups (carboxylation) in smooth ER and mitochondria

Phase 2: conjugation with glucuonic acid, glycine, or taurine

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15
Q

The ____________ produces bile and it is stored and concentrated in the _____________

A

Hepatocytes of liver; and gallbladder

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16
Q

What is bile synthesized from and what important property does bile have?

A

Cholesterol conjugated to amino acids

Amphipathic

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17
Q

What stimulates the secretion of bile acids?

A

Increase amino acids and fatty acids in duodenum -> CCK release -> contraction of smooth muscle of the ducts and relaxation of Oddi’s sphincter

Reflectory -> ACh -> contraction of smooth muscle

18
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?

A

Bile acids secreted into the duodenum and reabsorbed in the ileum, transported back to the liver, to be used again (95%)

Only 5% of bile acids are synthesized de novo in the liver

19
Q

Pancreatic juice contains what molecules? And what transporters are involved?

A

HCO3-, Na+, and K+

Paracellular - Na and K
Cl- apical channel

Na/K/Cl cotransporter (basolateral)

20
Q

The pancreas produces _________ which must be activated to __________

A

Zymogens; proteases

21
Q

What are the digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas?

A

Peptidases
Nucleases
Amylases
Lipase

22
Q

Pancreatic cells have receptors for ?

A

ACh, CCK, and secretin

23
Q

Pancreatic secretions adjust to food composition. Food with high starch stimulates ____________ enzyme production. High fat and protein foods stimulates increase __________ and __________ production

A

Amylase

Lipase and petidase

24
Q

A low pH in the intestine stimulates the release of _____________ hormone to stimulate _____________ rich pancreatic secretions

A

Secretin; bicarbonate

25
Q

What condition has insufficient production of digestive enzymes by exocrine pancreas?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

26
Q

What condition, common in dogs, has pancreatic acini destroyed and replaced by CT

A

Pancreatitis

27
Q

An __________ pathway degrades energy rich molecules to capture energy

A

Catabolic

28
Q

An ______________ pathway uses energy to combine small molecules to form more complex molecules

A

Anabolic

29
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source
Storage of energy
Cell membrane component
Structural

30
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates requires ___________ from the pancreas

A

Amylase

31
Q

What enzymes synthesized by the intestinal mucosa are required for digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Lactase
Isomaltase
Maltase
Saccharase

32
Q

Carbohydrates are absorbed apically by _____ and _______transporters, -pp32wppqand basolaterally by _____ transporters

A

SGLT and GLUT5- apically (Na dependent)

GLUT 2- basolaterally

33
Q

________ pathway uses a glucose molecule to form 2pyruvate, 2NADH, and 2 ATP

A

Glycolysis

34
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to _____

A

Lactate

35
Q

In aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate enters the _______ cycle within the mitochondria

A

Krebs cycle

36
Q

Glycolysis is regulated by?

A

Phosphorylation /dephosphorylation of rate-limiting enzymes (short term)

Hormonal influences on the proteins/enzymes synthesized (long term)

37
Q

What are the important biochemical events that allow the production of energy in the cell?

A 
Pyruvate converted to Acetyl-CoA
TCA
Respiratory (electron transport) chain 
ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation 
B-oxidation
38
Q

What is the production of glucose from non-sugar molecules and where does this process occur?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Liver and kidney

39
Q

What are the important substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

Glycerol -> glycerol phosphate

Lactate -> pyruvate

Amino acids -> TCA -> oxaloacetate

40
Q

What mechanism is used to store glucose in skeletal muscle and the liver?

A

Glycogenesis -> glucose to glycogen (glucose linked by 2-glycosidic bonds)

41
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway produces what two important molecules

A

NADPH

Ribose-5-phosphate

42
Q

What is the function of NADPH ?

A

Electron source

  • > reductase
  • > electron transport chain
  • > cytochrome P450 (reduce)
  • > respiratory burst -> NO synthesis

RUSVM Physiology II (11 decks)

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