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RUSVM Physiology II > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the GI system

A

Transport food
Digestion
Absorption of nutrients

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2
Q

After mastication, what is the motility of the different GI segments?

A

Deglutition

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3
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract movements?

A

Move ingesta
Retain ingesta at a given site for digestion/absorption/storage
Break up and mix food
Circulate ingesta to come in contact with all absorptive surfaces

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4
Q

What is the voluntary phases of deglutition?

A

Food is molded into bolus and pushed back into the pharynx -> activation of sensory nerve endings -> initiate involuntary portion of deglutition

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5
Q

What occurs during the involuntary phase of deglutition?

A

In pharynx and esophagus

Breathing stops momentarily -> soft palate is elevated (close off nasopharynx) -> tongue depressed against the hard palate (close oral opening) -> bend epiglottis to block laryngeal opening -> muscular constriction to move bolus into esophagus

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6
Q

How is food moved through the esophagus during deglutition?

A

Food reaches esophagus -> upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to accept the bolus
-> thoracal part of esophagus contracts while lower spinsters relax

Peristaltic movements

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7
Q

A condition in which food particles/fluids or stomach contents reach the upper airways

A

Aspiration

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8
Q

What is disphagia ?

A

Difficulty swallowing

Orapharyngeal or esophageal

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9
Q

What is the regulatory center for energy homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

What neuropeptide of the hypothalamus stimulates hunger?

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin

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11
Q

What neuropeptide of the hypothalamus inhibits hunger?

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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12
Q

What non-hypothalamic hormone stimulates hunger?

A

Ghrelin

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13
Q

What non-hypothalamic hormone inhibits hunger?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Peptide YY (PYY)
Lectin (fat cells-> inhibits NPY release and stimulate MSH action)
Insulin

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14
Q

What are the primary functions of saliva?

A

Protect buccal mucosa and teeth
Facilitate deglutition
Enzymatic carbohydrate digestion
PH regulation (HCO3-)

Secondary functions:
Immunologic -IgA
Thermoregulation (evaporation)
Defense in some species

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15
Q

What is primary saliva ?

A

Cl-, Na+, H2O (basolateral transporters)

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16
Q

What is secondary saliva?

A

K+ and HCO3- (apical transporters)

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17
Q

How is saliva secretion regulated by the PSNS and SNS?

A

PSNS -> M3-receptors -> contraction of myoepithelial cells

SNS -> a1-receptors -> secretion of small volumes of mucous saliva

(Innate or conditioned response)

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18
Q

What are the two types of salivary glands of ruminants?

A

Isotonic and hypotonic to plasma

19
Q

What are the four different routes by which secretions of GI tissue can reach their target cells?

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neurocrine

20
Q

What are the characterisitics of a GI hormone?

A

Secreted by one cell to affect another
Transported in the blood
Stimulated by food and its action must be mimicked by a synthetic analog molecule ?

21
Q

What hormone is synthesized in the antrum and duodenum?

A

Gastrin

22
Q

Where are GIP and Motilin synthesized?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

23
Q

Where is CCK synthesized?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

24
Q

Secretin stimulates ___________ secretion and inhibits _________ secretion

A

Bicarbonate ; acid

25
Q

Gastrin stimulates __________ secretions

A

Acid

26
Q

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide inhibits__________________ secretion and stimulates ______ secretion

A

Gastric; insulin

27
Q

What is the action of motilin?

A

Induction of intestinal motility during fasting

28
Q

What are the three glandular zones of the stomach?

A

Cardias
Fundus
Pylorus

29
Q

What are the 5 cell types found in the stomach?

A 
Surface mucous cells
Parietal cells
Mucous neck cells
Enterochromaffine cell 
Chief cells
30
Q

Parietal cells produce?

A

HCl

31
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen ->pepsin

Prochymosine -> chymosine (calves and lambs)

32
Q

Enteroendocrine cells produce?

A

hormones
G cells -> gastrin
D cells -> somatostatin
I cells -> CCK

33
Q

What cells types of the stomach produce mucus?

A

Mucous producing cells

34
Q

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

A

Glycoproteins with many cystine residues -> form disulfide bridges -> protect and lubricate the mucosa

35
Q

What three hormones induce production of HCl?

A

Gastrin
Histamin
ACh

36
Q

What stimulates Gastrin release from G cells?

A

Gastrin releasing hormone

Food

37
Q

What inhibits gastrin secretion by G cells

A

Somatostatin (from D cells)

38
Q

How does ACh, histamin, and gastrin induce HCl secretion

A

ACh -> M3 receptors on parietal cells -> DAG and IP3 activation -> release of Ca from ER and phosphorylation of protein

  • > transporters inserted into membrane
  • > stimulation of H+, K+, and ATPase
39
Q

Gastric acid is regulated by low PH inducing _________ from D cells which inhibits ____________

A

Somatostatin; gastrin secretion from G cells

40
Q

Enzymatic secretion by chief cells is regulated by ?

A

ACh
CCK
Secretin

-> DAG and IP3 -> release of Ca2+ from ER and phosphorylation of protein -> increased exocytosis from vesicles

41
Q

NSAIDs can produce ulcers by inhibiting __________

A

COX enzymes

42
Q

Epithelial damage to the mucosa of the stomach is called a __________

A

Gastric ulcer

43
Q

Gastric ulcers can be caused by?

A

Bacteria eg. H.pylori

NSAID

RUSVM Physiology II (11 decks)

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