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RUSVM Physiology II > Water Balance > Flashcards

Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolyte

A

Solutes that change the colligative properties of water

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1
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Shrinking of the cell

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1
Q

Insensible water loss

A

Losses in exhaled air, through the skin or in feces

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1
Q

Overhydration

A

greater than normal fluid volume

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2
Q

Causes of hypertonic dehydration

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Sweat (humans)
  3. Inappropriate production of hypotonic urine
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3
Q

Osmolarity

A

Concentration of osmolyte

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3
Q

Two types of edema

A

Generalized

Localized

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4
Q

Concentration (C) = __________.

A

Concentration (C) = Mass / Volume.

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4
Q

Causes of isotonic dehydration

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Sweat
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4
Q

___________: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because the gain of water exceeds the gain of osmolyte.

A

Hypotonic Overhydration: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because the gain of water exceeds the gain of osmolyte.

_____________________

Increased water, no change in osmolyte = cell swell

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5
Q

Important Anions of Plasma and Interstitium

A

Cl- and HCO3-

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6
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution will cause the cell to swell

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7
Q

Net movement of water eventually results in _______________ pressures.

A

Net movement of water eventually results in equal but opposing pressures.

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8
Q

_________ pressure decreases dramatically from arteriole to venule

A

CHP pressure decreases dramatically from arteriole to venule

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9
Q

________ of body water is extracellular water.

A

20% of body water is extracellular water.

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9
Q

Important cations of the intracellular fluid

A

K+ and Mg2+

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9
Q

Dehydration

A

Less than normal fluid volume

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10
Q

Normal osmolarity

A

286-290 mOm

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11
Q

_____ of extracellular water is plasma water.

A

4% of extracellular water is plasma water.

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11
Q

Crenation

A

Term used synonymously with plasmolysis as it occurs in red blood cells

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11
Q

_________ are pressures from interstitium to plasma

A

Reabsorption are pressures from interstitium to plasma

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11
Q

Decreased PCOP caused by

A

Starvation

Kidney Disease

Liver Disease

_____________________

Decreased [protein] in plasma, thus decreased water moving into the capillary

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11
Q

Causes of hypotonic overhydration

A
  1. Psycogenic
  2. Excess Reabsorption of water
  3. Drowning
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13
Q

Cardiac output = ____________.

A

Cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.

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15
Q

__________ of water is critical to normal functioning of the body.

A

Distribution of water is critical to normal functioning of the body.

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16
Q

Molal = ________.

A

Molal = Moles / Liter of H2O.

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17
Q

__________: mole of charge; equal + and -.

A

Equivalent: mole of charge; equal + and -.

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18
Q

_________: effective osmotic pressure; whether the movement of water will cause a cell to change in size

A

Tonicity: effective osmotic pressure; whether the movement of water will cause a cell to change in size

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18
Q

Starling Forces are

A

CHP

IFHP

PCOP

IFCOP

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18
Q

___________ are pressures from plasma to interstitium

A

Filtration are pressures from plasma to interstitium

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19
Q

All biological reactions occur in an _________ environment.

A

All biological reactions occur in an aqueous environment.

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21
Q

__________: Sum of protons and neutrons.

A

Mole: Sum of protons and neutrons.

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23
Q

Examples of ___________ include boiling and freezing points.

A

Examples of colligative properties include boiling and freezing points.

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24
Q

____________ maintains the volume, composition and concentration of solutes in all compartments.

A

Homeostasis maintains the volume, composition and concentration of solutes in all compartments.

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25
Q

Increased CHP is caused by

A

Decrease radius of veins

Decreased fluid in venous system

_______________

Increased osmotic pressure into the capillary, thus increased hydrostatic pressure to equalize it

26
Q

Capillary epithelium is permeable to __________.

A

Capillary epithelium is permeable to electrolytes.

_________________________

This is why plasma and interstitium have equal [electrolytes]

27
Q

Most accurate estimate of plasma osmolarity

A

1.86 [Na+K] + [Glucose/18] + [Urea/3]

28
Q

There is an increased [_______] in plasma which also increases the ________ pressure.

A

There is an increased [protein] in plasma which also increases the osmotic pressure.

29
Q

________ pressure increases and then decreases from arteriole to venule

A

PCOP pressure increases and then decreases from arteriole to venule

29
Q

_____________: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is lost.

A

Isotonic Dehydration: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is lost.

____________________

Decreased water, Decreased osmolyte

31
Q

The most valuable nutrient is ________.

A

The most valuable nutrient is water.

31
Q

Solutes move from one fluid compartment to another by:

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Pressure filtration at the glomerulus
  4. Solvent drag
31
Q

Least accurate estimate of plasma osmolarity

A

2 [Na+]

32
Q

Plasma is separated from interstitial fluid by ____________.

A

Plasma is separated from interstitial fluid by capillary epithelium

34
Q

Cytolysis

A

Cell swelling to point where stress on plasma membrane causes it to rupture

35
Q

Important anions of intracellular fluid

A

HPO4 2- and Protein

36
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Greater than normal blood volume

37
Q

_________: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is gained.

A

Isotonic Overhydration: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is gained.

39
Q

1 kg H2O = ___ L H2O

A

1 kg H2O = 1 L H2O

40
Q

Normovolemia

A

Normal blood volume

41
Q

Molar = _________.

A

Molar = Moles / Liter.

43
Q

Flow = _________ or _______.

A

Flow = Volume / Time or Mass / (Time x C).

45
Q

_________ of body weight is water.

A

60% of body weight is water.

46
Q

_____________: plasma in the animal is hypertonic because water loss exceeds loss of osmolyte.

A

Hypertonic Dehydration: plasma in the animal is hypertonic because water loss exceeds loss of osmolyte.

___________________

Decreased water, no change in osmolyte = cell shrinks

48
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Flow of blood out of the heart

49
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Less than normal blood volume

50
Q

_______ pressure and _______ pressure are unchanged from arteriole to venule.

A

IFHP pressure and IFCOP pressure are unchanged from arteriole to venule.

51
Q

A rough estimate of blood is

A

1/2 Plasma, 1/2 Cells

53
Q

Mole = _______.

A

Mole = 6.02x1023.

54
Q

Intracellular and extracellular fluids are separated by ______________.

A

Intracellular and extracellular fluids are separated by cell membrane.

56
Q

Most of extracellular fluid percentage is made up of ___________.

A

Most of extracellular fluid percentage is made up of interstitial fluid.

58
Q

________ predomiates at the arteriole, _______ predominates at the venule.

A

Filtration predomiates at the arteriole, Reabsorption predominates at the venule.

59
Q

Sensible water loss

A

Losses in urine; volume easilty measured

61
Q

Plasma and Interstitial Fluid are considered to be ______cellular fluid.

A

Plasma and Interstitial Fluid are considered to be extracellular fluid.

62
Q

Edema

A

Collection of abnormally high amounts of interstital fluid

63
Q

Most common form of dehydration

A

Hypertonic Dehydration

64
Q

Causes of isotonic overhydration

A
  1. Iatrogenic
  2. Excess reabsorption of Na
66
Q

Ventilation

A

Flow of air into and out of the lungs

67
Q

Osmole

A

A mole of osmolyte

68
Q

________ of body water is intracellular water.

A

40% of body water is intracellular water.

69
Q

______ of extracellular water is extracellular fluids.

A

16% of extracellular water is extracellular fluids.

70
Q

Ventilation = _________________

A

Ventilation = Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume

71
Q

Increased [solute] will _________ osmotic pressure due to water movement toward the impermeant solute.

A

Increased [solute] will increase osmotic pressure due to water movement toward the impermeant solute.

72
Q

Equivalent (Eq) = _________.

A

Equivalent (Eq) = (g substance) (valence) / Atomic Weight.

74
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted in a solution with impermeant solute and water crossing barrier

76
Q

A solution in whihc causes osmosis is referred to as __________.

A

A solution in whihc causes osmosis is referred to as osmotically active.

77
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water from a solution with lesser concentration of impermeant solute to solution of greater concentration of impermeant solute

78
Q

Imporant cations of Plasma and Interstitium

A

Na+ and K+

79
Q

Edema can be caused by

A

Increased CHP

Decreased PCOP

Increased IFCOP

80
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution will cause a cell lto neither shrink or swell

81
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution will cause teh cell to shrink

82
Q

If an osmolyte cannot cross a membrane which allow the passage of water, ______ will occur.

A

If an osmolyte cannot cross a membrane which allow the passage of water, osmosis will occur.

83
Q

___________: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because los of osmolyte exceeds loss of water.

A

Hypotonic dehydration: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because los of osmolyte exceeds loss of water.

_____________________

No change in water, increase of osmolyte

84
Q

Increased IFCOP caused by

A

Inflammation

Tissue damage

Inadequate or obstructed lymph flow

________________

Increased interstital proteins causes an increase in water flowing into the interstitium

85
Q

Solvent drag

A

Solutes dissolved in water are transported as water moves paracellularly

RUSVM Physiology II (7 decks)

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