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RUSVM Physiology II > Renal Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Renal Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

___________: only a fraction of the plasma presented to the glomeruli is filtered.

A

Filtration Fraction: only a fraction of the plasma presented to the glomeruli is filtered.

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2
Q

________ of plasma is filtered.

A

20-30% of plasma is filtered.

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3
Q

Filtration rate is measured in units of _______.

A

Filtration rate is measured in units of mL/min.

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4
Q

Secretion, Reabsorption and Excretion are measured in units of _________.

A

Secretion, Reabsorption and Excretion are measured in units of mg/min.

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5
Q

Excretion (E) = _______________

A

Excretion (E) = Filtration (F) + Secretion (S) - Reabsorption (R)

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6
Q

___________: maximum rate at which nephron epithelium can remove substances from plasma and secrete them into filtrate

A

Transport Maximum: maximum rate at which nephron epithelium can remove substances from plasma and secrete them into filtrate

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7
Q

Secretion transport is dependent on

A

Secretion transport is dependent on the number/density of membrane transporters that allow for secretion or reabsorption

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8
Q

When transport maximum is reached, substances that should be secreted _____________.

A

When transport maximum is reached, substances that should be secreted accumulate in plasma.

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9
Q

When transport maximum is reached, substances that should be reabsorbed __________.

A

When transport maximum is reached, substances that should be reabsorbed may be lost in urine.

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10
Q

“Splay” in graphs of [Glucose] reflects what

A

Heterogenicity of nephrons

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11
Q

Glucose in the urine can be due to:

A

Hemorrhage

Increased [Glucose} in plasma

Proximal tubule damage

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12
Q

Explain how Fight or Flight response increases plasma glucose

A

SNS stimulation releases epinephrine that increases glycogenolysis at the liver.

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13
Q

Why is the Fight or Flight response important in some species and not others in regards to [Glucose]

A

In some species the [Glucose] in plasma caused by the Fight or Flight response exceeds transport maximum

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14
Q

In what species is the Fight or Flight Response important to be aware of in regards to [Glucose]

A

Bovine

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15
Q

_______ is secreted when there is increased [Glucose] in plasma.

A

Insulin is secreted when there is increased [Glucose] in plasma.

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16
Q

[Glucose] in plasma and Filtration of Glucose is a __________ relationship.

A

[Glucose] in plasma and Filtration of Glucose is a linear relationship.

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17
Q

Normal [Glucose] in plasma for dog

A

70-100 mg/dL

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18
Q

Glucose Transport Maximum of dog

A

180-200 mg/dL

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19
Q

Decreased transport maximum means what in regards to the concentration of a substance in plasma.

A

More of the substance is excreted in urine when it is increased in plasma.

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20
Q

The _________ is the major portion of the nephron responsible for reabsorption and secretion.

A

The proximal tubule is the major portion of the nephron responsible for reabsorption and secretion.

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21
Q

The _______ does not modify osmolarity.

A

The Proximal Tubule does not modify osmolarity.

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22
Q

__________ of water is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.

A

50-80% of water is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.

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23
Q

_________ work at the proximal tubule to increase reabsorption of water.

A

NE, E, AGII work at the proximal tubule to increase reabsorption of water.

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24
Q

Increased reabsorption at the proximal tubule can be due to

A

Decreased blood pressure

Increased osmolarity

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25
Q

_______ of water is reabsorbed at the dLoH

A

20% of water is reabsorbed at the dLoH

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26
Q

At the ______ there is more water reabsorption than osmolyte.

A

At the dLoH there is more water reabsorption than osmolyte.

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27
Q

The ________ is considered a passive structure.

A

The dLoH is considered a passive structure.

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28
Q

Filtrate at the dLoH is _____osmotic.

A

Filtrate at the dLoH is hyperosmotic.

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29
Q

Urea from the MCD is secreted at the ________.

A

Urea from the MCD is secreted at the dLoH.

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30
Q

The _______ puts solute into the interstitium.

A

The aLoH puts solute into the interstitium.

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31
Q

The ______ has no aquaporins.

A

The aLoH has no aquaporins.

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32
Q

_______ at the aLoH increase reabsorption of water by the dLoH

A

NE and E at the aLoH increase reabsorption of water by the dLoH

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33
Q

__________ increases the reabsorption of solute at the aLoH

A

AcH and Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of solute at the aLoH

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34
Q

_________ at the MCD increases the number of aquaporins and urea transporters

A

ADH at the MCD increases the number of aquaporins and urea transporters

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35
Q

__________ at the MCD decreases Na+ reabsorption.

A

ANP at the MCD decreases Na+ reabsorption.

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36
Q

__________ at the MCD increases Na+ reabsorption.

A

Aldosterone at the MCD increases Na+ reabsorption.

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37
Q

Osmolytes become non freely filterable when

A

Osmolytes become non freely filterable when they are bound by plasma protein

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38
Q

Secretion of organic molecules occurs only in the ___________.

A

Secretion of organic molecules occurs only in the proximal tubule.

__________________________

Exception: Urea is secreated in the dLoH

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39
Q

Reabsorption of organic molecules occurs only in the ____________.

A

Reabsorption of organic molecules occurs only in the proximal tubule.

_______________________

Exception: Urea at the MCD

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40
Q

Urea (increases/decreases) along the nephron.

A

Urea (increases/decreases) along the nephron.

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41
Q

At the dLoH [Urea] (increases/decreases)

A

At the dLoH [Urea] (increases/decreases)

________________

To allow for diffusion into the filtrate

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42
Q

After the aLoH filtrate is ______osmotic

A

After the aLoH filtrate is hyposmotic

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43
Q

All medullary interstitium is ______osmotic.

A

All medullary interstitium is hyperosmotic.

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44
Q

Fractional Excretion = _____________

A

Fractional Excretion =

Clearance of X (mL/min) / GFR (mL/min)

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45
Q

UrineX:UrineCreatinine

A

Test comparing the ratios of substances in urine to known normals

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46
Q

Elevated UrineProtein:UrineCreatinine can be caused by

A

Tubular Disease

Glomeruplopathies

Lower Urinary Tract Disease

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47
Q

UrineCortisol:UrineCreatinine is used as a diagnostic tool for

A

Cushings Disease

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48
Q

Osmolar Clearance = __________.

A

Osmolar Clearance = Vu x Uosm / Posm.

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49
Q

Free Water Clearance = ______________

A

Free Water Clearance = Vu - Osmolar Clearance

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50
Q

Uosm _______ Posm:

Free water clearance = 0

No net gain or loss of plasma water

Isosmotic urine

A

Uosm = Posm

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51
Q

Uosm _______ Posm:

Free water clearance +

Net loss of plasma water

Hyposmotic urine

A

Uosm < Posm

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52
Q

Uosm _______ Posm:

Free water clearance -

Net gain of plasma water

Hyperosmotic urine

A

Uosm > Posm

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53
Q

As blood pressure decreases, the concentration of osmolytes in the urine __________.

A

As blood pressure decreases, the concentration of osmolytes in the urine increases

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54
Q

___________ urine = neither excretion nor reabsorption of solute free water and urine flow equals urine

A

Isosmotic urine = neither excretion nor reabsorption of solute free water and urine flow equals urine

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55
Q

__________ urine is divided into 2 virtual volumes; once contains solute and is isosmotic to plasma with urine flow rate equal to osmolar clearance and the second is solute free.

A

Hyposmotic urine is divided into 2 virtual volumes; once contains solute and is isosmotic to plasma with urine flow rate equal to osmolar clearance and the second is solute free.

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56
Q

__________ urine represents the volume of solute free water that would have to be added to urine to make it isosmotic to plasma, solute free water reabsorbed by the kidneys.

A

Hyperosmotic urine represents the volume of solute free water that would have to be added to urine to make it isosmotic to plasma, solute free water reabsorbed by the kidneys.

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57
Q

_________: quantifies the actual voluem of solute fre water that is being conserved by the animal over time.

A

Free water clearance : quantifies the actual voluem of solute fre water that is being conserved by the animal over time.

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58
Q

__________: ratio of the density of a volume of solution to the density of an identical volume of water.

A

Specific Gravity (USG): ratio of the density of a volume of solution to the density of an identical volume of water.

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59
Q

Free water has a USG of _______.

A

Free water has a USG of 1.000.

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60
Q

True/False: USG is a precise measure of osmolality

A

False

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61
Q

USG between ________ is the same osmolality as plasma.

A

USG between 1.018 - 1.020 is the same osmolality as plasma.

62
Q

__________: urine excreted has an osmolality/SG essentially identical to plasma

A

Isosthenuria: urine excreted has an osmolality/SG essentially identical to plasma

63
Q

________: urine excreted is dilute

A

Hyposthenuria : urine excreted is dilute

64
Q

_________: urine excreted is concentrated

A

Hypersthenuria: urine excreted is concentrated

65
Q

Water Deprivation Test

A

Used to test renal function. USG is measured as water is deprived over a set amount of time. In normal animal, expect to see and increase in USG as time continues.

66
Q

__________: accumulation of non protein nitrogen molecules.

A

Azotemia: accumulation of non protein nitrogen molecules.

67
Q

_______: accumulation of waste products such that toxic effects manifest.

A

Uremia : accumulation of waste products such that toxic effects manifest.

68
Q

_________ Azotemia is caused by derangements in before the kidney.

A

Pre-Renal Azotemia is caused by derangements in before the kidney.

69
Q

________ Azotemia is a result of kidney dysfunction.

A

Renal Azotemia is a result of kidney dysfunction.

70
Q

_______ Azotemia is caused by derangement after the kidney

A

Post-Renal Azotemia is caused by derangement after the kidney

71
Q

Osmolality increases in the _______

A

Osmolality increases in the medulla

________________

LoH and Collecting duct

72
Q

2/3 loss of nephrons causes

A

2/3 loss of nephrons causes decreased concentrating ability

73
Q

3/4 loss of nephrons causes

A

3/4 loss of nephrons causes kidney failure

74
Q

Hyperkalemia can be caused by

A

Increased intake of K+ in diet

Tissue damage

Urinary blockage

75
Q

Most common cause of hyperkalemia is __________.

A

Most common cause of hyperkalemia is urinary blockage.

76
Q

_________ holds excess K+ until kidney can excrete it.

A

Skeletal muscle holds excess K+ until kidney can excrete it.

77
Q

2 important non-protein nitrogen (NPN) molecules

A

Urea and Creatinine

78
Q

Increased [PO42-] = _______ GFR

A

Increased [PO42-​] = decreased GFR

79
Q

___________ is important in PO42- homeostasis; decreases PO42- reabsorption.

A

PTH is important in PO42- homeostasis; decreases PO42- reabsorption.

80
Q

___________ is an important site for reabsorption.

A

Proximal Tubule is an important site for reabsorption.

81
Q

Reabsorption at the ________ is isosmotic.

A

Reabsorption at the proximal tubule is isosmotic.

82
Q

Major extracellular electrolyte/osmolyte of the proximal tubule is _________.

A

Major extracellular electrolyte/osmolyte of the proximal tubule is Na+.

83
Q

Mechanisms of Reabsorption include:

A

Transporters

Solvent Drag

Diffusion

84
Q

Movement of molecules at the proximal tubule are associated with the movement of ______.

A

Movement of molecules at the proximal tubule are associated with the movement of Na+

85
Q

Na+ gradient is established by the _________.

A

Na+ gradient is established by the Na+ - K+ ATPase.

86
Q

Proteins are _____________ by proximal tubule cells.

A

Proteins are endocytosed and hydrolyzed by proximal tubule cells.

87
Q

[Urea] _________ in the filtrate as it courses through the proximal tubule.

A

[Urea] increases in the filtrate as it courses through the proximal tubule.

88
Q

Secretion at the proximal tubule requires_________.

A

Secretion at the proximal tubule requires membrane bound proteins.

89
Q

_________ of total remains of Na+, water and osmoles after reabsorption at the proximal tubule.

A

1/3 of total remains of Na+, water and osmoles after reabsorption at the proximal tubule.

90
Q

_______ of wanted electrolytes are reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.

A

2/3 of wanted electrolytes are reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.

91
Q

CO2 + H2O ⇔ H2CO3 is catalyzed by what enzyme.

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

92
Q

“Leakiness” of tight junctions _________ along the length of the nephron.

A

“Leakiness” of tight junctions decreases along the length of the nephron.

93
Q

Reabsorptive force attributable to ____________ pressure.

A

Reabsorptive force attributable to plasma colloid oncotic pressure.

94
Q

____________: direct relationship betwen volume of fluid filtered at the glomerulus and volume of fluid reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.

A

Glomertubular Balance: direct relationship betwen volume of fluid filtered at the glomerulus and volume of fluid reabsorbed at the proximal tubule.

95
Q

_______ is the most important extracellular anion in the proximal tubule.

A

Cl- is the most important extracellular anion in the proximal tubule.

96
Q

Reabsorption of _________ occures only in the first half of the proximal tubule.

A

Reabsorption of organic molecules occures only in the first half of the proximal tubule.

97
Q

Reabsorption of __________ occures the entire length of the nephron.

A

Reabsorption of electrolytes occures the entire length of the nephron.

98
Q

True/False: At the proximal tubule the Na+-Bicarb symport is important in maintaining acid base.

A

False, there is no such thing as a Na+-Bicarb symport

99
Q

Bicarb pumped into the plasma makes plasma _______ and the filtrate __________.

A

Bicarb pumped into the plasma makes plasma alkaline and the filtrate acidic.

100
Q

Na+-K+ ATPase is stimulated by

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Angiotension II

101
Q

It is more common for an animal to become more (acidic/alkaline).

A

It is more common for an animal to become more (acidic/alkaline).

102
Q

True/False: Bicarb is freely filterable

A

True

103
Q

Reabsorption at the LoH is not ______osmotic.

A

Reabsorption at the LoH is not isososmotic.

104
Q

Water is reabsorbed ________ in the dLoH.

A

Water is reabsorbed passively in the dLoH.

105
Q

Solute is reabsorbed by _________ in the aLoH

A

Solute is reabsorbed by active transport in the aLoH

106
Q

Due to H2O reabsorption in the dLoH filtrate becomes ________osmotic.

A

Due to H2O reabsorption in the dLoH filtrate becomes hyperosmotic.

107
Q

Due to solute reabsorption in the aLoH filtrate becomes _______osmotic.

A

Due to solute reabsorption in the aLoH filtrate becomes hyposmotic.

108
Q

_________: protein secreted by the LoH to decrease the likelihood of bacterial attachment to urinary epithelium

A

Uromodulin: protein secreted by the LoH to decrease the likelihood of bacterial attachment to urinary epithelium

109
Q

__________ is the most abundent protein found in urine.

A

Uromodulin is the most abundent protein found in urine.

110
Q

________ takes solute out of the medullary interstitium all the time.

A

Vasa Recta takes solute out of the medullary interstitium all the time.

111
Q

Filtrate should be _____osmotic and interstitium should be _____osmotic.

A

Filtrate should be hyposmotic and interstitium should be hyperosmotic.

112
Q

Transport of urea into and out of the medullary interstitium is dependent on __________.

A

Transport of urea into and out of the medullary interstitium is dependent on urea transporters.

113
Q

The aLoH is net reabsorptive of _____.

A

The aLoH is net reabsorptive of K+.

114
Q

_______________: medullary interstitium is all hyperosmotic, however it gets increasingly more hyperosmotic as it gets deeper into the medulla.

A

Counter-Current Mechanism: medullary interstitium is all hyperosmotic, however it gets increasingly more hyperosmotic as it gets deeper into the medulla.

115
Q

________: a drug used to block 2Cl- - Na+K+ symports; overdose can lead to dehydration.

A

Lasix: a drug used to block 2Cl- - Na+K+ symports; overdose can lead to dehydration.

116
Q

____________ increases urea permeability in the collecting duct by increasing the number/density of urea transporters.

A

ADH increases urea permeability in the collecting duct by increasing the number/density of urea transporters.

117
Q

________ symport found in the aLoH is electroneutral.

A

2Cl- - Na+K+ symport found in the aLoH is electroneutral.

118
Q

_______ stimulates the addition of aquaporins in the MCD.

A

ADH stimulates the addition of aquaporins in the MCD.

119
Q

__________ shut down urea transporters in the MCD.

A

Cortisol shut down urea transporters in the MCD.

120
Q

__________ increase activity of Na+-K+ ATPase in the DCT, CCD, MCD.

A

Aldosterone increase activity of Na+-K+ ATPase in the DCT, CCD, MCD.

121
Q

________ decreases Na+ and H2O reabsorption at the MCD.

A

ANP decreases Na+ and H2O reabsorption at the MCD.

122
Q

____________

Na+ - K+ ATPase

Na+

Na+ - Glucose/AA/PO4-

Na+ - Cl- Symport

Na+ - H+ Antiport

A

Proximal Tubule

Na+ - K+ ATPase

Na+

Na+ - Glucose/AA/PO4-

Na+ - Cl- Symport

Na+ - H+ Antiport

123
Q

_______________

Aquaporins

Urea Transporters

A

dLoH and MCD

Aquaporins

Urea Transporters

124
Q

____________

Na+ - K+ ATPase

2Cl- -Na+K+ Symport

A

aLoH

Na+ - K+ ATPase

2Cl- -Na+K+ Symport

125
Q

___________

Aquaporins

H+

H+ - K+ Antiport

HCO3- - Cl- Antiport

A

DCT/ CCD

Aquaporins

H+

H+ - K+ Antiport

HCO3- - Cl- Antiport

126
Q

[Glucose] _____ at the PCT

A

[Glucose] decreases at the PCT

127
Q

[Na+]/[Cl-] _______ at the PCT.

A

[Na+]/[Cl-] decreases at the PCT.

128
Q

[Na+]/[Cl-] _______ at the dLoH.

A

[Na+]/[Cl-] remains constant at the dLoH.

129
Q

[Na+]/[Cl-] _______ at the aLoH.

A

[Na+]/[Cl-] decreases at the aLoH.

130
Q

[Na+]/[Cl-] _______ at the DT/CD.

A

[Na+]/[Cl-] decreases at the DT/CD.

131
Q

[H2O] ________ from PCT to CD

A

[H2O] decreases from PCT to CD

132
Q

[Urea] ______ at the PCT.

A

[Urea] decreases at the PCT.

133
Q

[Urea] ______ at the dLoH.

A

[Urea] increases at the dLoH.

134
Q

[Urea] ______ at the aLoH.

A

[Urea] remains constant at the aLoH.

135
Q

[Urea] ______ from the DT to CD.

A

[Urea] decreases from the DT to CD.

136
Q

[CREA] _______ at the PCT.

A

[CREA] increases at the PCT.

137
Q

[CREA] _______ from dLoH to CD.

A

[CREA] remains constant from dLoH to CD.

138
Q

A deficiency in _________ results in loss of solute and large volumes of water in dilute urine leading to the disease state of _________.

A

A deficiency in ADH results in loss of solute and large volumes of water in dilute urine leading to the disease state of Diabetes Insipidus.

139
Q

Diabetes Insipidus can be a result of

A

Dysfunction of hypothalamus or neurohypophysis

or

Deficient/ dysfunctional ADH receptrors in the kidney

140
Q

_________ Diabetes Insipidus is due to a dysfunction of the hypothalmus or neurohypophysis

A

Central / Primary Diabetes Insipidus is due to a dysfunction of the hypothalmus or neurohypophysis

141
Q

________ Diabetes Insipidus is caused by deficient or dysfunctional ADH receptors in the kidney.

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus is caused by deficient or dysfunctional ADH receptors in the kidney.

142
Q

__________ polydipsia occurs when the animals drinks too much.

A

Primary polydipsia occurs when the animals drinks too much.

143
Q

________ polydipsia is due to a problem in the kidney.

A

Secondary polydipsia is due to a problem in the kidney.

144
Q

The ALoH is constantly putting solute into the interstititium because

A

The ALoH is constantly putting solute into the interstititium because the vasa recta is constantly taking it out.

145
Q

____________: Condition in which Na+ and Cl- are not constantly resupplied to the interstitium leading to a persistant slight loss of osmolyte to vasa recta.

A

Medullary Washout: Condition in which Na+ and Cl- are not constantly resupplied to the interstitium leading to a persistant slight loss of osmolyte to vasa recta.

146
Q

Medullary Washout occurs due to:

A

ALoH not putting solute into the intersitium (Lack of hormone vs receptor)

Liver Disease (decreased Urea)

147
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is also called ________.

A

Hyperadrenocorticism is also called Cushings Disease

148
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism is also called ________.

A

Hypoadrenocorticism is also called Addisons Disease.

149
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is due to an increase in ____________.

A

Hyperadrenocorticism is due to an increase in cortisol.

150
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism is due to a decrease in _________.

A

Hypoadrenocorticism is due to a decrease in Aldosterone.

151
Q

Diseases typically associated with Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

Hypercalcemia

Hypokalemia

Glucosuria

RUSVM Physiology II (7 decks)

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