Water and Alcohol Flashcards
Summarize the key roles of water in the body
Thermoregulation
Solvent for minerals, vitamins AA glucose and other small molecules
participant in a chemical reaction
Transportation as a component of blood and lymph; removes waste products in urine
Lubricant for joints in digestive tract and all tissues that are moistened with mucous
shock absorber
component of body fluids; 60% of body weight, 70-80% of blood and muscle
What is thermoregulation
Water absorbs any excess heat
body secretes fluid via perspiration
Skin is cooled as perspiration evaporation-heat dissipates cooling the skin and underlying blood vessels
Discuss the daily water needs of humans
Enough to balance what you lose
Men need 3.7L (13 cups), 3L from beverages
Women need 2.7L (9 cups), 2.2 from bev
Individual needs vary with level of PA, climate, and diet
Define water balance and its components
Water balance in=out (expelled)
Water can leave the body 4 ways
• Kidney as urine
• Skin as sweat
• Lung as exhale water vapor (respiration)
• Feces excreted via GI tract
Replace water in 3 ways
• Beverages and fluids including water
• Foods, fruits and vegetables (80-90% water), pasta, seafood, legumes (50-79); grains 30-39%, the higher the fat content of food lower water content less than 30%
• Energy metabolism: Metabolic water, depends on the amount of calories you consume
• Energy Metabolism produced in electron transport
Define Moderate Alcohol Consumption
No more than 2 drinks per day for men
No more than 1 drink per day for women
Define one drink when referring to an alcoholic beverage
.5 oz of pure ethanol
12 oz beer
5 oz of wine
1.5oz of spirits
Briefly describe the process of alcohol metabolism
Alcohol needs no digestion, it is absorbed immediately, 20% is absorbed directly across the walls of than empty stomach and can reach the brain in 1 minute, on a fuller stomach it takes more time
The stomach also begins breaking down alcohol with the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase
• Reduce the absorption of alcohol by 20%
• Women have less of the enzyme then men absorb 1/3 more than a man of the same size
After the remaining alcohol leaves the stomach it goes directly from the small intestine to the liver
It is given preferential treatment, liver prefers using fatty acids as fuel and package the excess into triglycerides and ship them out to other tissues
However when alcohol enters liver cells metabolize it first, allowing fatty acids to accumulate leading to fatty livers (fatty liver disease
The action of alcohol dehydrogenase leads to the production of NADH and acetyl CoA
Because there is so much NADH produced in the process it tells the TCA cycle to shutdown which forces the acetyl coA to be converted instead into fatty acids and to be stored in the adipose tissue
Describe the MEOS pathway
Michrosomal ethanol oxidizing pathway
• Normally MEOS metabolizes drugs
• The MEOS metabolizes alcohol first, leaving the drug in your system for a longer period of time
• The dose of drug builds up and effects become amplified
List the potential health benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption
Lower risk of CVD
• Reduce Blood Clotting
• Increases HDL
• Reduces inflammation (CRP)
Increased insulin sensitivity
Increased bone mineral content
Decrease risk of dementia
Decrease risk of bacterial infections in the stomach
Dark beer may supply b vitamins and iron
Polyphenols in red wine act as antioxidants
Benefits have only been observed in middle age and older adults (>45)
List the nutrients that are most likely to be deficient in a person who abuses alcohol
Thiamin Niacin Vitamin B-6 Vitamin B-12 Folate Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Magnesium Zinc Iron
Define Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Brain disorder due to thiamin deficiency (vitamin B1). People with alcoholism are often deficient in thiamin. If untreated could lead to paralysis of eye muscles, poor muscle coordination, impaired memory and damaged nerves, polyneuropathy
Summarize the negative health effects of alcohol abuse, i.e., how alcohol damages body organs, such as the liver, heart, and brain.
Esophogeal Cancer High BP Inflammation of stomach and pancreas Liver dysfunction Obesity Osteoporosis Impotence Poor immune function sleep disturbance traffic death
Define Fatty Liver Disease
Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids inside liver cells; most often caused by excess alcohol intake
Increased synthesis of fat and trapping of fat, Liver cannot repackage/release VLDL and Trig because too busy metabolizing alcohol. Excess alcohol also synthesizes fat. Fat builds up in the liver, reversible to a certain point
Define Cirrhosis
A chronic degenerative disease caused by poisons (alcohol) that damage liver cells that results in a reduced ability to synthesize proteins and metabolize nutrients, drugs and poisons
Late stage liver disease from fatty infiltration of the liver. Marked by inflammation, fibrosis and scarring. Enlarged fat cells choke off nutrients/02 supply to liver cells. Only cure is transplant, 50% die in 4 years
Describe the impact of alcohol during pregnancy
Reach the fetus deprive brain of oxygen and nutrients
Prenatal and post natal growth retardation
Impairs of brain and central nervous system
FAS characteristic abnormalities of face and skull
Increase major birth defects
Can occur from 4 drinks a day or binge drinking
