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Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Major Minerals

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

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2
Q

Name the Trace Minerals

A

Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride, Molybdeum

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3
Q

What is the AI for Calcium (Ca)

A

1000-1200 mg/d based on 40% absorption

Calcium need is highest in adolescence (1300mg)

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4
Q

What are reliable dietary food sources for Calcium

A

milk and milk products, kale, collard greens, mustard greens, canned fish

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5
Q

How is Calcium absorbed, transported, stored, and excreted in the body

A

the absorption of calcium requires a slightly acidic environment (ph less than 6) like the stomach acid therefore calcium is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine
its absorption is also dependent on the presence of active vitamin D 1,25 Hydroxy vitamin D3

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6
Q

What are the functions of Calcium in the body

A

Bone development and maintenance; blood clotting (along with Vitamin K); the release of NT in nerve impulse transmission, during muscle contraction calcium ions released from intracellular stores within muscle cells and with ATP allow contractile proteins to slide along each other; cell metabolism calcium binds with calmogelin which can regulate the activity of many enzymes including those involved in glycogenolysis.

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7
Q

What is the classic Calcium deficiency and what are the risk factors?

A

Osteoporosis: is a condition in which bones become porous and fragile due to the loss of minerals and are more likely to fracture.
Leads to 1.5 million fractures/year-major public health problem because old women who break their hip-half die within one year and in the rest the quality of life declines tremendously
risk factors: age is most important risk factor, more common in women then men, lower estrogen in post menopausal women, in men more prevalent after drop in testosterone, caucasian women 3x more likely than African American women (conserve bone mass better), low BMI, smoking

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8
Q

Other calcium deficiency symptoms

A

Osteopenia: decreased bone mass due to 1. osteomalacia: (vitamin D deficiency) 2. Cancer, hyperthroidism, 3. use of certain medications, and low bone mass throughout life
tetany: uncontrolled muscle contractions, muscle pain, spasms, parasthesia
long term deficient intake associated with hypertension, colon cancer, obesity
stunted growth in children

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9
Q

What is the role of physical activity on calcium intake?

A

Active bones are dense than sedentary bones

Weight bearing exercise makes muscles pull on bone stresses bone-bone responds by building itself even more stronger

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10
Q

Calcium toxicity

A

Hypercalcemia: high blood calcium, result in kidney stones, constipation, calcification of soft tissues can be due to hyperparathyroidsm or pharmacological doses of calcium
decrease absorption of other minerals
calcium rigor or contraction of other fibers

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11
Q

What is the RDA for Phosphorus (P)

A

700mg/d

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12
Q

What are reliable dietary food sources for phosphorus

A

more bioavailable in animal sources
meat poultry fish eggs milk milk sources
plant sources: nuts legumes cereals grains
also soft drinks, coffee, tea, food additives

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13
Q

What are the functions of phosphorous

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth (acid base balance), component of essential body compounds (structural and regulatory roles, energy storage and transfer)

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14
Q

Phosphorous toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

rare
altered Ca:P ratios occurs when calcium needs not met and intake high (soft drinks substituted for milk in adolescence
hyperphosphatemia: kidney disease reduced excretion

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15
Q

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms and conditions

A 
rare
hypophosphatemia (due to inadequate absorption from the GI tract, increased excretion from kidneys) symptoms weight loss, anorexia, weakness, stiff joints, bone pain
"refeeding syndrome": occurs in malnourished children who are aggressively refed, P in blood shifts into cells, leaves blood levels even lower
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16
Q

What is the RDA for Magnesium (M)

A

310 mg/d women

400 mg/d men

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17
Q

What are reliable dietary sources for Magnesium

A

green leafy plants, whole grains, nuts seeds, hard tap water, dairy, meat, chocolate, cocoa,

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18
Q

Magnesium deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

rapid heart beat, irritability, weakness (may be due to impaired Na/K pumping), low magnesium, tetany (uncontrolled neuromuscular tremors, convulsive seizures), low calcium, increased risk for osteoporosis

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19
Q

Magnesium toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

excessive intake can lead to diarrhea (nausea, flushing, double vision, weakness
toxicity with impaired renal function
UL not set for food sources

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20
Q

What is the RDA for sulfur? (S)

A

no recommended intake

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21
Q

What is a reliable dietary source for sulfur

A

primarily found in protein

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22
Q

What are the functions of Sulfur

A

determines structure of protein molecules, body’s more rigid proteins have high S content (collagen and keratin)
Compounds containing S help maintain the acid-base balance
Act as detoxifying agent
Necessary for the formation of mucopolysaccharides

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23
Q

What are the deficiency and Toxicity symptoms for sulfer

A

none

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24
Q

What is the AI for sodium (Na)

A

1500 mg/d

DV is 2400

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25
Q

What are reliable dietary sources for sodium

A

processed foods

canned meats, canned soups, condiments, pickled foods, traditional snacks (chips, pretzels, crackers)

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26
Q

What are the functions of sodium in the body?

A

participant in nutrient absorption/transport
maintains fluid ph balance
muscle contraction
nerve transmission

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27
Q

Sodium deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

rare
depletion may be due to persistent vomiting/diarrhea excessive perspiration (2-3% of body weight)
hyponatremia: low blood sodium, irritability, confusion, weakness, hostility, muscle crams, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, coma, kidneys normally respond by conserving sodium

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28
Q

Sodium toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

Hypernatremia: increased calcium excretion (very bad for bones), kidney stone formation, high intake accompanied by lack of waste,
symptoms: edema, acute hypertension

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29
Q

What is the AI for potassium (K)

A

AI 4700 mg/d

DV 3500 mg/d

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30
Q

What are reliable dietary sources for potassium

A

milk, potatoes, coffee, tomatoes, orange juice, fruits, vegetables, whole grain, dried beans, meat

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31
Q

What are the functions of potassium

A 
maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
supports cell integrity
nerve-impulse transmission
muscle contraction
bone health
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32
Q

Potassium deficiency symptoms

A

rare
caused by excessive losses (diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, use of certain medications(diuretics, steroids, strong laxative, severe PEM, surgery)
hypokalemia: muscle weakness, bloating, heart abnormalities

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33
Q

Potassium toxicity symptoms

A

hyperkalemia: results in sever arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, usually due to impaired renal function, over consumption of potassium salts or supplements

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34
Q

What is the AI for Chloride (Cl)

A

2.3 g/d

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35
Q

What are reliable dietary sources for Chloride

A

most chloride consumed in the diet is in the form of NaCl (table slat) also found in eggs, milk, meat, seafood

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36
Q

Identify the major role of chloride during digestion

A

Chloride is in gastric secretion of HCl or stomach acid. Involved in the formation of gastric acid or HCl

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37
Q

What are the functions of magnesium in the body

A

Bone structure
associated with a cofactor for the enzyme that makes ADP to ATP
nerve impulses and muscle contraction (Ca agonists, Ca stimulates, Mg releases)
DNA & RNA synthesis

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38
Q

What are the functions of chloride

A 
Major Electrolyte
formation of gastric acid (HCl)
immune response (phagocytosis)
nerve function
"Chloride shift" (helps transport CO2 from body tissues to lungs disposal of CO2 in exhaled air
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39
Q

Chloride deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

does not occur under normal circumstances, severe diahrrhea, vomiting, convulsions

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40
Q

Chloride toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

large intake may cause fluid retention

implicated in blood pressure increase (like sodium)

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41
Q

What are the general functions of the major minerals?

A

Function as cofactors for enzyme such as those involved for energy metabolism
Can be incorporated into different structures in the body
• Carbon phosphorus and magnesium found in bone
The electrolyte minerals maintain cellular functions like water balance, acid base balance, transmission of nerve impulses and regulation of muscle contraction
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Chloride
Growth and development

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42
Q

Define electrolyte

A

all mineral salts whose ions dissolve in water cations (positively charged) anions (negatively charged) ions dissolved in water can carry an electrical current
Electrolyte solution is a fluid containing ions

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43
Q

What are the three major electrolytes

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

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44
Q

What are the functions of Electrolytes

A

Fluid Balance
Muscle Contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Acid-Base balance

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45
Q

Describe the general differences between minerals and vitamins

A

Inorganic: not bound to any carbon atoms, composed of a single element
minerals retain their chemical identity even after they are exposed to heat, oxygen, acid, or UV light, if you burn a food completely to ash you will still be able to recover the intact minerals in the ash

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46
Q

Describe the general differences between major minerals and trace minerals

A

Minerals are essential micronutrients must be provided in the diet because our body cannot produce these elements
major minerals are needed in quantities greater than 100mg whereas Trace minerals are needed in quantities less than 100 mg.d
Not all food sources are created equal: some sources are more bioavailable in general minerals from animal food sources are more likely to be readily absorbed by the body.
The more refined a grain the lower mineral content
Iron is the only mineral required to be added back to refined products
Trace minerals have a narrow range of safe intake can be toxic at levels not much higher than the daily allowance

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47
Q

What are the two types of Iron (Fe)

A

Ferric Iron (Fe3+) (oxidized)
Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) (reduced)
occurs in two forms in food:
Heme iron is contained in hemoglobin, myoglobin of meat, fish poulty
Nonheme iron is present in vegetables, grains, and supplements

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48
Q

Discuss the reasons why a protein adequate diet can meet the body’s intake for sulfur

A

If you have a diet adequate in protein you will get enough sulfur, part of a natural diet primarily in proteins but also used to preserve food

49
Q

Describe the absorption, transport, storage, and excretion of iron

A

both heme and nonheme iron are absorbed in the small intestine, however, heme iron is absorbed directly into the intestinal cell after the globin part of the molecule is cleaved off. Nonheme iron must have an electron removed before being absorbed.
Acidic conditions promote the conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron

Once inside the intestinal cells (mucosal cells) iron is bound to ferritin and stored there until it is needed elsewhere in the body or the mucosal cell dies in 3-5 days. The iron can be used by the intestinal cell by an enzyme cofactor or if it is needed elsewhere in the body it will be transferred from ferritin to transferrin a protein which can transport iron to other parts of the bodu where it is needed or to the iron where it can be stored. If iron in liver is high the number of ferritin molecules in intestinal mucosal cells increases essentially binding any more iron from your diet and preventing iron stored in your liver and body from getting to high. And the bound iron to ferritin inside the mucosal cells is excreted effectively blocking extra iron absorption in the body

50
Q

What are the major functions of iron

A

Component of hemoglobin in red blood cells (oxygen transport), myoglobin in muscle cells (oxygen storage); energy metabolism as part of cytochromes involved in electron transport chain; enzyme cofactor, perioxidase in WBC (immune function) collagen synthesis, NT, eicosanoids

51
Q

Iron deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

Fe-deficient anemia: most common form of anemia, reduced production of RBC and 02 capacity, in blood test-low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, RBC appears microcytic, hypochromic
Symptoms: fatigue upon exertion, difficulty concentrating. Iron deficiency without anemia: paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficulty, breathing, poor growth, in children: pallor, listlessness, behavioral/cognitive/learning problems. in adults: impaired work performance/productive, impaired immune function, impaired ability to maintain body temperature; Pica

52
Q

Iron toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

Fe poisoning, accidental Fe overload: Fe supplements ingested in large doses, leading cause of accidental poisoning in children, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased heartbat, shock, death may be due to excessive free radical damage. Hemochromatois: recessive genetic disease, fe overload due to enhanced Fe absorption, Fe deposit can lead to organ damage, failure, most prevalent in adult Caucasion males, may go undetected until age 50-60 when organ fails , treatment: frequement phlebotomy, fe chelator Hemosiderosis: excessive sotrage of iron in liver as hemosiderin, hyperplasia

53
Q

What is the RDA for Zinc

A

8mg/d for men
11 mg/d women
DV is 15 mg/d

54
Q

What are reliable dietary sources of Zinc

A

animal products, shellfish, legumes, nuts, whole grains NOT ENRICHED GRAINS

55
Q

Describe absorption, transport, storage and excretion of zinc

A

the absorption of zinc is similar to iron
absorbed most efficiently from meat, liver, eggs, seafood, less efficiently from vegetables and grains
once zinc is absorbed into the intestinal cells it is bound to metalothionine, in the mucosal cell, zinc can either be used in the cell or it can be bound to the protein albumin by use of other tissues in the body. Some zinc may be used by the pancreas to make digestive enzymes and end up back in the intestine.
There is a mucosal block that prevents the over absorption of zinc in the body, large doses can override the mucosal block, however, the excess amount is readily secreted by the pancreas to the intestines and ends up in the feces
Two ways to excrete zinc either mucosal block, or when zinc is secreted in the intestines to the body and back to the intestines (unlike iron)
also urine and sweat

56
Q

What are the functions of zinc

A

major role is as metalloenzyme component (provides structural integrity to enzyme, and or participates in catalytic reaction, required by more enzymes than all trace minerals combines); protein structure, replication of DNA, RNA, growth and development, sexual maturity, reproduction, immune function, appetite, taste perception

57
Q

Zinc deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

dwarfism: stunted growth, arrested sexual maturation, reduced sense of smell and taste, impaired immune function, impaired vitamin A metabolism; acrodermatits enteropathica, severe deficiency: rare genetic disease, severe dermatitis in infants, switched from breast milk to cows milk

58
Q

Zinc toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

chronic toxicity: impaired Fe, Cu, status, anemia, immune deficiency, reduces HDL, (increased heart disease risk)
acute toxicity: diarrhea, crams, nausea, vomiting

59
Q

Types of Copper (Cu)

A

Valence state Cu1+, Cu2+

60
Q

What is the RDA of Copper

A

RDA 900 mcg/d

61
Q

What are reliable dietary sources of Copper

A

organ meats, shellfish, nuts, cocoa, mushrooms, whole grains

62
Q

Identify and describe the potential consequences of trace mineral interactions (i.e., iron, zinc, copper)

A
  1. Zinc supplementation can impair absorption of Cu 2. Zn & Cu compete for common receptor sites 3. All have the same charge 2+
63
Q

Functions of Copper

A

metalloprotein component and enzyme cofactor: Ceruloplasmin in addition to being a transport protein for copper is also an enzyme that helps prepared stored iron for transport, in fact with a prolong copper deficiency you can end up with an iron deficient anemia
Key factor in synthesizing hemoglobin because it releases stored iron from ferritin
Enzyme cofactor for Superoxide Dismutase-part of our own endogenous anti-oxidant system exists in cells functions is to eradicate different types of free radicals
SOD needs copper and zinc and therefore they can be considered free radicals

64
Q

Copper deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

rare in humans

genetic defect: Menke’s kinky hair syndrome, usually due to Zn supplementation: Iron deficiency anemia, low WBC count

65
Q

Copper toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

acute: hemolytic anemia (RBC destruction), liver, kidney damage, vomiting.
Chronic (hereditary): wilson’s disease accumulates copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea leading to premature death if left undetected

66
Q

What is the RDA for Selenium

A

55 mcg/d

DV 70mcg/d

67
Q

What is the RDA for iron

A

8 mg/d for men and women 51+
18mg/d for females 19-51
DV is 18mg/d

68
Q

Describe the absorption, transport, storage, and excretion of iron

A

both heme and nonheme iron are absorbed in the small intestine, however, heme iron is absorbed directly into the intestinal cell after the globin part of the molecule is cleaved off. Nonheme iron must have an electron removed before being absorbed.
Acidic conditions promote the conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron

Once inside the intestinal cells (mucosal cells) iron is bound to ferritin and stored there until it is needed elsewhere in the body or the mucosal cell dies in 3-5 days. The iron can be used by the intestinal cell by an enzyme cofactor or if it is needed elsewhere in the body it will be transferred from ferritin to transferrin a protein which can transport iron to other parts of the bodu where it is needed or to the iron where it can be stored. If iron in liver is high the number of ferritin molecules in intestinal mucosal cells increases essentially binding any more iron from your diet and preventing iron stored in your liver and body from getting to high. And the bound iron to ferritin inside the mucosal cells is excreted effectively blocking extra iron absorption in the body

69
Q

Functions of Selenium

A

cofactor for gluthione peroxidase (GPX): prevents free radical formation, works with vitamin E as an antioxidant

70
Q

Selenium deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

Keshan disease: primary cause is viral, Se deficiency predisposes people people to it, prevalent in China where soil Se poor, heart disease: cardiomyopathy, fibrous tissues. Deficiency also occurs in TPN patients (poor growth, muscle pain, weakness, loss of pigmentation)

71
Q

Selenium toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

Selenosis: observed in miners, and with excess supplementation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, inhibition of protein synthesis, garlic breath odor, acute poisoning can be lethal

72
Q

Describe the use of selenium in the body and the role of selenium in cancer protection and as an antioxidant.

A

Selenium is an endogenous anti-oxidant
Selenium is a cofactor for gluthione perioxidase (GPX)
prevents free radical formation and destroys free radicals
works with Vitamin E

73
Q

What are reliable dietary sources of iodide

A

iodized salt, saltwater fish, seafood, molasses

74
Q

Iodide deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

low iodine intake-goiter-enlargement of the thyroid gland
harmful during pregnancy: cretinism, Consumptions of goitrogens: inhibit iodine metabolism, contained in foods including: raw turnips, rutabagas, cauliflower, broccoli, soybean, peanuts

75
Q

iodide toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

thyroid gland enlargement-goiter thryoid hormine synthesis is inhibited, can appear with consumption of seaweed, kelp tablets

76
Q

functions of iodide

A

integral part of thyroid hormones: regulate metabolic rate, growth, development, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function, body temperature.

77
Q

What is the RDA for Fluoride

A
  1. 1 mg/d women

3. 8 mg/d men

78
Q

what are the reliable dietary sources for Fluoride

A

tea, seafood consumed with bones, seaweed, grains, vegetables, fluoridated water, toothpaste, mouth rinses

79
Q

Functions of Fluroide

A

Prevents demineralization of calcified tissues, aids in synthesis of fluorapatite crystals-stableized form of bone and tooth crystal called hydroxyappatite -essentially fluroide replaced the hydroxyl group and makes it even stronger
protects against tooth decay (dental caries) reduces amount of acid produced by the bacteria that causes plaque in the mouth
reduce acid soluability of tooth enamel
promoted remineralization slows demineralization of teeth
increases bone mass-stimulates osteoblasts (fluoride (negative charge) binds to calcium (positive charge)

80
Q

Fluoride deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

none reported

81
Q

Fluoride toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

dental fluorosis: mottling of teeth

82
Q

What is the RDA for Chromium

A

AI is 35 mcg/d for men

25 mcg/d women

83
Q

What are reliable dietary sources of Chromium

A

most reliable: meats and poultry, egg yolk, bran, whole grain, cereal, cheese, mushroom, condiments, spices, tea, beer, wine, brewer’s yeast

84
Q

Describe the use of chromium in the body and its relationship to diabetes.

A

required for the optimal use of glucose by enhancing the effectiveness of insulin
chromium aids the binding of insulin to cells surfaces which allows glucose to enter cells
plays a roll in type II diabetes

85
Q

Functions of Chromium

A

enhances insulin action, lipid metabolism

86
Q

Chromium deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

impaired gluocose tolerance, diabetes-like condition; severe trauma and stress increase need

87
Q

Chromium toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

no toxicity from foods, no UL, industrial exposure, lung damage, allergic, skin reactions, Cr picolinate

88
Q

What is the RDA for Manganese

A

1.8-2.3 mg/d

89
Q

What are reliable dietary sources of Manganese

A

found in nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea

90
Q

Functions of Manganese

A

Enzyme cofactor: binds to ATP, ADP (like Magnesium), facilitates metabolism of CHO, lipids, proteins, pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate); assists in bone formation (regulates Ca-dependent processess)

91
Q

Manganese Deficiency symptoms and conditions

A

rare

92
Q

Manganese Toxicity symptoms and conditions

A

from high dose supplements, environmental contamination-observed in minders, nervous system disorder

93
Q

What is the RDA for Molybdenum

A

45mcg/d

94
Q

what are reliable dietary sources for molybdenum

A

milk, milk products, beans, whole grains, nuts

95
Q

Functions of Molybdenum

A

essential cofactor for Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (mobilizes Fe from storage)

96
Q

Molybdenum deficiency and toxicity

A

both are rare

97
Q

What are factors that enhance calcium absorption?

A

acidic foods, the presence of lactose or glucose, or an increased need for calcium
certain hormones, estrogen, growth hormones, parathyroid hormones

98
Q

What are dietary factors that limit the absorption of calcium

A

fiber, and its phytates and oxalates
high phosphorus intake, excessive intake of iron or zinc
too little vitamin D
increased gastrointestinal motility

99
Q

What are factors that can increase excretion of calcium in urine

A

high caffeine, high sodium, or high intake of protein from animal sources

100
Q

List the hormones needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and describe how calcium homeostasis is maintained

A

the level of calcium in you blood is under homeostatic control, your body tries to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood ( a blood test would be a poor indicator of calcium status
two hormones: Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone
when blood levels of calcium are low, signal parathyroid to release parathyroid hormone (parathormone) which increased calcium by stimulating the activation of Vitamin D in the kidneys, vitamin D and parathormone together stimualte calcium reabsorption in teh kidneys, active vitamin D enhances absorption of calcium from foods that end up in intestines, active vitamin D and parathormone stimulate osteoclasts in bone to break down some of bone cells releasing calcium in blood stream
acting on kidneys intestines and bones parathormone and active vitamin D all act to increase levels of calcium in blood stream
when calcium levels get too high this action stops and thyroid produces calcitonin which will work to stop the activation of vitamin D, enhance excretion of calcium in kidneys, inhibit absorption of calcium in intestines, and inhibit osteoclast cells in bones from breaking down
calcitonin works in opposite of parathyroid hormone.

101
Q

describe bone remodeling

A

osteoclasts: release calcium from bone, reabsorbed into blood, bone eroded
osteoblasts secrete collagen matrix, bone mineral, promote bone formation

102
Q

building peak bone mass and what factors build a higher bone mass

A

During growth, osteoblast exceeds osteoclasts activity, more bone mass in areas under higher stress, peak bone mass is reached between 20-30yo, bone loss begins in mid adulthood, significant loss at menopause
higher bone mass= adequate diet, healthy body weight, normal menses, weight bearing physical activity, moderate intakes of P, Na, Caffeine, non smoker, lower use of certain medications

103
Q

What are factors that enhance and inhibit iron absorption

A

factors that enhance the absorption of iron
MFP factor, vitamin C, presence of adequate stomach absorption
inhibit: phytates and oxalates int eh fiber of certain plant based foods can bind to iron because they have a highly negative charge and iron positive charge
calcium and phosphorus are also negatively charged inhibit absorption due to competition for binding sites
Tea, coffee, red wine and other foods or bevs high in tannins or polyphenols can also decrease absorption

104
Q

Describe the Mucosal Block Theory for Iron?

A

Once inside the intestinal cells (mucosal cells) iron is bound to ferritin and stored there until it is needed elsewhere in the body or the mucosal cell dies in 3-5 days. The iron can be used by the intestinal cell by an enzyme cofactor or if it is needed elsewhere in the body it will be transferred from ferritin to transferrin a protein which can transport iron to other parts of the bodu where it is needed or to the iron where it can be stored. If iron in liver is high the number of ferritin molecules in intestinal mucosal cells increases essentially binding any more iron from your diet and preventing iron stored in your liver and body from getting to high. And the bound iron to ferritin inside the mucosal cells is excreted effectively blocking extra iron absorption in the body

105
Q

Who is most at risk for iron-deficient anemia?

A

pregnant women, infants, toddlers, teenagers, women of childbearing age, vegans, runners

106
Q

Compare the availability of iron from plant and animal sources

A

iron is more available from animal sources

in vegetables- oxalates and phytates in fiber inhibit the absorption

107
Q

Factors that inhibit zinc absorption

A

enhance: protein, the presences of acid, increased need for zinc by the body
inhibit: oxalates and phytates in fiber inhibit the absorption, high amounts of other minerals, copper, iron (possibly calcium and phosphorous)

108
Q

Minerals that function in bone health

A

Calcium, Phosphorus Fluoride Magnesium Manganese

109
Q

Minerals that function in growth and development

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Zinc

110
Q

Minerals that function in blood formation and clotting

A

Iron Copper Calcium

111
Q

Minerals the function in nerve impulses

A

sodium potassium chloride calcium

112
Q

Minerals that function in muscle contraction and relaxation

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium

113
Q

Minerals that function in antioxidant defense

A

selenium zinc chloride potassium calcium magnesium

114
Q

What are reliable dietary sources of Selenium

A

organ meats, seafood, muscle, meats, whole grains, diary products, fruits, and vegetables

115
Q

What is the RDA of Iodide

A

150 mcg/d

dv is also 150 mcg/d

116
Q

Minerals that function in cell metabolism

A

calcium phosphorus magnesium zinc chromium iodide

117
Q

Minerals that function in water and ion balance in cells

A

sodium potassium chloride phosphorus water

118
Q

What is the RDA for iodide

A

150 mcg/d

DV 150mcg/d

Nutrition (8 decks)

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