Minerals Flashcards
Name the Major Minerals
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
Name the Trace Minerals
Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride, Molybdeum
What is the AI for Calcium (Ca)
1000-1200 mg/d based on 40% absorption
Calcium need is highest in adolescence (1300mg)
What are reliable dietary food sources for Calcium
milk and milk products, kale, collard greens, mustard greens, canned fish
How is Calcium absorbed, transported, stored, and excreted in the body
the absorption of calcium requires a slightly acidic environment (ph less than 6) like the stomach acid therefore calcium is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine
its absorption is also dependent on the presence of active vitamin D 1,25 Hydroxy vitamin D3
What are the functions of Calcium in the body
Bone development and maintenance; blood clotting (along with Vitamin K); the release of NT in nerve impulse transmission, during muscle contraction calcium ions released from intracellular stores within muscle cells and with ATP allow contractile proteins to slide along each other; cell metabolism calcium binds with calmogelin which can regulate the activity of many enzymes including those involved in glycogenolysis.
What is the classic Calcium deficiency and what are the risk factors?
Osteoporosis: is a condition in which bones become porous and fragile due to the loss of minerals and are more likely to fracture.
Leads to 1.5 million fractures/year-major public health problem because old women who break their hip-half die within one year and in the rest the quality of life declines tremendously
risk factors: age is most important risk factor, more common in women then men, lower estrogen in post menopausal women, in men more prevalent after drop in testosterone, caucasian women 3x more likely than African American women (conserve bone mass better), low BMI, smoking
Other calcium deficiency symptoms
Osteopenia: decreased bone mass due to 1. osteomalacia: (vitamin D deficiency) 2. Cancer, hyperthroidism, 3. use of certain medications, and low bone mass throughout life
tetany: uncontrolled muscle contractions, muscle pain, spasms, parasthesia
long term deficient intake associated with hypertension, colon cancer, obesity
stunted growth in children
What is the role of physical activity on calcium intake?
Active bones are dense than sedentary bones
Weight bearing exercise makes muscles pull on bone stresses bone-bone responds by building itself even more stronger
Calcium toxicity
Hypercalcemia: high blood calcium, result in kidney stones, constipation, calcification of soft tissues can be due to hyperparathyroidsm or pharmacological doses of calcium
decrease absorption of other minerals
calcium rigor or contraction of other fibers
What is the RDA for Phosphorus (P)
700mg/d
What are reliable dietary food sources for phosphorus
more bioavailable in animal sources
meat poultry fish eggs milk milk sources
plant sources: nuts legumes cereals grains
also soft drinks, coffee, tea, food additives
What are the functions of phosphorous
Mineralization of bones and teeth (acid base balance), component of essential body compounds (structural and regulatory roles, energy storage and transfer)
Phosphorous toxicity symptoms and conditions
rare
altered Ca:P ratios occurs when calcium needs not met and intake high (soft drinks substituted for milk in adolescence
hyperphosphatemia: kidney disease reduced excretion
Phosphorus deficiency symptoms and conditions
rare hypophosphatemia (due to inadequate absorption from the GI tract, increased excretion from kidneys) symptoms weight loss, anorexia, weakness, stiff joints, bone pain "refeeding syndrome": occurs in malnourished children who are aggressively refed, P in blood shifts into cells, leaves blood levels even lower
What is the RDA for Magnesium (M)
310 mg/d women
400 mg/d men
What are reliable dietary sources for Magnesium
green leafy plants, whole grains, nuts seeds, hard tap water, dairy, meat, chocolate, cocoa,
Magnesium deficiency symptoms and conditions
rapid heart beat, irritability, weakness (may be due to impaired Na/K pumping), low magnesium, tetany (uncontrolled neuromuscular tremors, convulsive seizures), low calcium, increased risk for osteoporosis
Magnesium toxicity symptoms and conditions
excessive intake can lead to diarrhea (nausea, flushing, double vision, weakness
toxicity with impaired renal function
UL not set for food sources
What is the RDA for sulfur? (S)
no recommended intake
What is a reliable dietary source for sulfur
primarily found in protein
What are the functions of Sulfur
determines structure of protein molecules, body’s more rigid proteins have high S content (collagen and keratin)
Compounds containing S help maintain the acid-base balance
Act as detoxifying agent
Necessary for the formation of mucopolysaccharides
What are the deficiency and Toxicity symptoms for sulfer
none
What is the AI for sodium (Na)
1500 mg/d
DV is 2400
What are reliable dietary sources for sodium
processed foods
canned meats, canned soups, condiments, pickled foods, traditional snacks (chips, pretzels, crackers)
What are the functions of sodium in the body?
participant in nutrient absorption/transport
maintains fluid ph balance
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
Sodium deficiency symptoms and conditions
rare
depletion may be due to persistent vomiting/diarrhea excessive perspiration (2-3% of body weight)
hyponatremia: low blood sodium, irritability, confusion, weakness, hostility, muscle crams, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, coma, kidneys normally respond by conserving sodium
Sodium toxicity symptoms and conditions
Hypernatremia: increased calcium excretion (very bad for bones), kidney stone formation, high intake accompanied by lack of waste,
symptoms: edema, acute hypertension
What is the AI for potassium (K)
AI 4700 mg/d
DV 3500 mg/d
What are reliable dietary sources for potassium
milk, potatoes, coffee, tomatoes, orange juice, fruits, vegetables, whole grain, dried beans, meat
What are the functions of potassium
maintains fluid and electrolyte balance supports cell integrity nerve-impulse transmission muscle contraction bone health
Potassium deficiency symptoms
rare
caused by excessive losses (diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, use of certain medications(diuretics, steroids, strong laxative, severe PEM, surgery)
hypokalemia: muscle weakness, bloating, heart abnormalities
Potassium toxicity symptoms
hyperkalemia: results in sever arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, usually due to impaired renal function, over consumption of potassium salts or supplements
What is the AI for Chloride (Cl)
2.3 g/d
What are reliable dietary sources for Chloride
most chloride consumed in the diet is in the form of NaCl (table slat) also found in eggs, milk, meat, seafood
Identify the major role of chloride during digestion
Chloride is in gastric secretion of HCl or stomach acid. Involved in the formation of gastric acid or HCl
What are the functions of magnesium in the body
Bone structure
associated with a cofactor for the enzyme that makes ADP to ATP
nerve impulses and muscle contraction (Ca agonists, Ca stimulates, Mg releases)
DNA & RNA synthesis
What are the functions of chloride
Major Electrolyte formation of gastric acid (HCl) immune response (phagocytosis) nerve function "Chloride shift" (helps transport CO2 from body tissues to lungs disposal of CO2 in exhaled air
Chloride deficiency symptoms and conditions
does not occur under normal circumstances, severe diahrrhea, vomiting, convulsions
Chloride toxicity symptoms and conditions
large intake may cause fluid retention
implicated in blood pressure increase (like sodium)
What are the general functions of the major minerals?
Function as cofactors for enzyme such as those involved for energy metabolism
Can be incorporated into different structures in the body
• Carbon phosphorus and magnesium found in bone
The electrolyte minerals maintain cellular functions like water balance, acid base balance, transmission of nerve impulses and regulation of muscle contraction
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Chloride
Growth and development
Define electrolyte
all mineral salts whose ions dissolve in water cations (positively charged) anions (negatively charged) ions dissolved in water can carry an electrical current
Electrolyte solution is a fluid containing ions
What are the three major electrolytes
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
What are the functions of Electrolytes
Fluid Balance
Muscle Contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Acid-Base balance
Describe the general differences between minerals and vitamins
Inorganic: not bound to any carbon atoms, composed of a single element
minerals retain their chemical identity even after they are exposed to heat, oxygen, acid, or UV light, if you burn a food completely to ash you will still be able to recover the intact minerals in the ash
Describe the general differences between major minerals and trace minerals
Minerals are essential micronutrients must be provided in the diet because our body cannot produce these elements
major minerals are needed in quantities greater than 100mg whereas Trace minerals are needed in quantities less than 100 mg.d
Not all food sources are created equal: some sources are more bioavailable in general minerals from animal food sources are more likely to be readily absorbed by the body.
The more refined a grain the lower mineral content
Iron is the only mineral required to be added back to refined products
Trace minerals have a narrow range of safe intake can be toxic at levels not much higher than the daily allowance
What are the two types of Iron (Fe)
Ferric Iron (Fe3+) (oxidized)
Ferrous Iron (Fe2+) (reduced)
occurs in two forms in food:
Heme iron is contained in hemoglobin, myoglobin of meat, fish poulty
Nonheme iron is present in vegetables, grains, and supplements
Discuss the reasons why a protein adequate diet can meet the body’s intake for sulfur
If you have a diet adequate in protein you will get enough sulfur, part of a natural diet primarily in proteins but also used to preserve food
Describe the absorption, transport, storage, and excretion of iron
both heme and nonheme iron are absorbed in the small intestine, however, heme iron is absorbed directly into the intestinal cell after the globin part of the molecule is cleaved off. Nonheme iron must have an electron removed before being absorbed.
Acidic conditions promote the conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron
Once inside the intestinal cells (mucosal cells) iron is bound to ferritin and stored there until it is needed elsewhere in the body or the mucosal cell dies in 3-5 days. The iron can be used by the intestinal cell by an enzyme cofactor or if it is needed elsewhere in the body it will be transferred from ferritin to transferrin a protein which can transport iron to other parts of the bodu where it is needed or to the iron where it can be stored. If iron in liver is high the number of ferritin molecules in intestinal mucosal cells increases essentially binding any more iron from your diet and preventing iron stored in your liver and body from getting to high. And the bound iron to ferritin inside the mucosal cells is excreted effectively blocking extra iron absorption in the body
What are the major functions of iron
Component of hemoglobin in red blood cells (oxygen transport), myoglobin in muscle cells (oxygen storage); energy metabolism as part of cytochromes involved in electron transport chain; enzyme cofactor, perioxidase in WBC (immune function) collagen synthesis, NT, eicosanoids
Iron deficiency symptoms and conditions
Fe-deficient anemia: most common form of anemia, reduced production of RBC and 02 capacity, in blood test-low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, RBC appears microcytic, hypochromic
Symptoms: fatigue upon exertion, difficulty concentrating. Iron deficiency without anemia: paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficulty, breathing, poor growth, in children: pallor, listlessness, behavioral/cognitive/learning problems. in adults: impaired work performance/productive, impaired immune function, impaired ability to maintain body temperature; Pica
Iron toxicity symptoms and conditions
Fe poisoning, accidental Fe overload: Fe supplements ingested in large doses, leading cause of accidental poisoning in children, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased heartbat, shock, death may be due to excessive free radical damage. Hemochromatois: recessive genetic disease, fe overload due to enhanced Fe absorption, Fe deposit can lead to organ damage, failure, most prevalent in adult Caucasion males, may go undetected until age 50-60 when organ fails , treatment: frequement phlebotomy, fe chelator Hemosiderosis: excessive sotrage of iron in liver as hemosiderin, hyperplasia
What is the RDA for Zinc
8mg/d for men
11 mg/d women
DV is 15 mg/d
What are reliable dietary sources of Zinc
animal products, shellfish, legumes, nuts, whole grains NOT ENRICHED GRAINS
Describe absorption, transport, storage and excretion of zinc
the absorption of zinc is similar to iron
absorbed most efficiently from meat, liver, eggs, seafood, less efficiently from vegetables and grains
once zinc is absorbed into the intestinal cells it is bound to metalothionine, in the mucosal cell, zinc can either be used in the cell or it can be bound to the protein albumin by use of other tissues in the body. Some zinc may be used by the pancreas to make digestive enzymes and end up back in the intestine.
There is a mucosal block that prevents the over absorption of zinc in the body, large doses can override the mucosal block, however, the excess amount is readily secreted by the pancreas to the intestines and ends up in the feces
Two ways to excrete zinc either mucosal block, or when zinc is secreted in the intestines to the body and back to the intestines (unlike iron)
also urine and sweat
What are the functions of zinc
major role is as metalloenzyme component (provides structural integrity to enzyme, and or participates in catalytic reaction, required by more enzymes than all trace minerals combines); protein structure, replication of DNA, RNA, growth and development, sexual maturity, reproduction, immune function, appetite, taste perception
Zinc deficiency symptoms and conditions
dwarfism: stunted growth, arrested sexual maturation, reduced sense of smell and taste, impaired immune function, impaired vitamin A metabolism; acrodermatits enteropathica, severe deficiency: rare genetic disease, severe dermatitis in infants, switched from breast milk to cows milk
Zinc toxicity symptoms and conditions
chronic toxicity: impaired Fe, Cu, status, anemia, immune deficiency, reduces HDL, (increased heart disease risk)
acute toxicity: diarrhea, crams, nausea, vomiting
Types of Copper (Cu)
Valence state Cu1+, Cu2+
What is the RDA of Copper
RDA 900 mcg/d
What are reliable dietary sources of Copper
organ meats, shellfish, nuts, cocoa, mushrooms, whole grains
Identify and describe the potential consequences of trace mineral interactions (i.e., iron, zinc, copper)
- Zinc supplementation can impair absorption of Cu 2. Zn & Cu compete for common receptor sites 3. All have the same charge 2+
Functions of Copper
metalloprotein component and enzyme cofactor: Ceruloplasmin in addition to being a transport protein for copper is also an enzyme that helps prepared stored iron for transport, in fact with a prolong copper deficiency you can end up with an iron deficient anemia
Key factor in synthesizing hemoglobin because it releases stored iron from ferritin
Enzyme cofactor for Superoxide Dismutase-part of our own endogenous anti-oxidant system exists in cells functions is to eradicate different types of free radicals
SOD needs copper and zinc and therefore they can be considered free radicals
Copper deficiency symptoms and conditions
rare in humans
genetic defect: Menke’s kinky hair syndrome, usually due to Zn supplementation: Iron deficiency anemia, low WBC count
Copper toxicity symptoms and conditions
acute: hemolytic anemia (RBC destruction), liver, kidney damage, vomiting.
Chronic (hereditary): wilson’s disease accumulates copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea leading to premature death if left undetected
What is the RDA for Selenium
55 mcg/d
DV 70mcg/d
What is the RDA for iron
8 mg/d for men and women 51+
18mg/d for females 19-51
DV is 18mg/d
Describe the absorption, transport, storage, and excretion of iron
both heme and nonheme iron are absorbed in the small intestine, however, heme iron is absorbed directly into the intestinal cell after the globin part of the molecule is cleaved off. Nonheme iron must have an electron removed before being absorbed.
Acidic conditions promote the conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron
Once inside the intestinal cells (mucosal cells) iron is bound to ferritin and stored there until it is needed elsewhere in the body or the mucosal cell dies in 3-5 days. The iron can be used by the intestinal cell by an enzyme cofactor or if it is needed elsewhere in the body it will be transferred from ferritin to transferrin a protein which can transport iron to other parts of the bodu where it is needed or to the iron where it can be stored. If iron in liver is high the number of ferritin molecules in intestinal mucosal cells increases essentially binding any more iron from your diet and preventing iron stored in your liver and body from getting to high. And the bound iron to ferritin inside the mucosal cells is excreted effectively blocking extra iron absorption in the body
Functions of Selenium
cofactor for gluthione peroxidase (GPX): prevents free radical formation, works with vitamin E as an antioxidant
Selenium deficiency symptoms and conditions
Keshan disease: primary cause is viral, Se deficiency predisposes people people to it, prevalent in China where soil Se poor, heart disease: cardiomyopathy, fibrous tissues. Deficiency also occurs in TPN patients (poor growth, muscle pain, weakness, loss of pigmentation)
Selenium toxicity symptoms and conditions
Selenosis: observed in miners, and with excess supplementation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, inhibition of protein synthesis, garlic breath odor, acute poisoning can be lethal
Describe the use of selenium in the body and the role of selenium in cancer protection and as an antioxidant.
Selenium is an endogenous anti-oxidant
Selenium is a cofactor for gluthione perioxidase (GPX)
prevents free radical formation and destroys free radicals
works with Vitamin E
What are reliable dietary sources of iodide
iodized salt, saltwater fish, seafood, molasses
Iodide deficiency symptoms and conditions
low iodine intake-goiter-enlargement of the thyroid gland
harmful during pregnancy: cretinism, Consumptions of goitrogens: inhibit iodine metabolism, contained in foods including: raw turnips, rutabagas, cauliflower, broccoli, soybean, peanuts
iodide toxicity symptoms and conditions
thyroid gland enlargement-goiter thryoid hormine synthesis is inhibited, can appear with consumption of seaweed, kelp tablets
functions of iodide
integral part of thyroid hormones: regulate metabolic rate, growth, development, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function, body temperature.
What is the RDA for Fluoride
- 1 mg/d women
3. 8 mg/d men
what are the reliable dietary sources for Fluoride
tea, seafood consumed with bones, seaweed, grains, vegetables, fluoridated water, toothpaste, mouth rinses
Functions of Fluroide
Prevents demineralization of calcified tissues, aids in synthesis of fluorapatite crystals-stableized form of bone and tooth crystal called hydroxyappatite -essentially fluroide replaced the hydroxyl group and makes it even stronger
protects against tooth decay (dental caries) reduces amount of acid produced by the bacteria that causes plaque in the mouth
reduce acid soluability of tooth enamel
promoted remineralization slows demineralization of teeth
increases bone mass-stimulates osteoblasts (fluoride (negative charge) binds to calcium (positive charge)
Fluoride deficiency symptoms and conditions
none reported
Fluoride toxicity symptoms and conditions
dental fluorosis: mottling of teeth
What is the RDA for Chromium
AI is 35 mcg/d for men
25 mcg/d women
What are reliable dietary sources of Chromium
most reliable: meats and poultry, egg yolk, bran, whole grain, cereal, cheese, mushroom, condiments, spices, tea, beer, wine, brewer’s yeast
Describe the use of chromium in the body and its relationship to diabetes.
required for the optimal use of glucose by enhancing the effectiveness of insulin
chromium aids the binding of insulin to cells surfaces which allows glucose to enter cells
plays a roll in type II diabetes
Functions of Chromium
enhances insulin action, lipid metabolism
Chromium deficiency symptoms and conditions
impaired gluocose tolerance, diabetes-like condition; severe trauma and stress increase need
Chromium toxicity symptoms and conditions
no toxicity from foods, no UL, industrial exposure, lung damage, allergic, skin reactions, Cr picolinate
What is the RDA for Manganese
1.8-2.3 mg/d
What are reliable dietary sources of Manganese
found in nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea
Functions of Manganese
Enzyme cofactor: binds to ATP, ADP (like Magnesium), facilitates metabolism of CHO, lipids, proteins, pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate); assists in bone formation (regulates Ca-dependent processess)
Manganese Deficiency symptoms and conditions
rare
Manganese Toxicity symptoms and conditions
from high dose supplements, environmental contamination-observed in minders, nervous system disorder
What is the RDA for Molybdenum
45mcg/d
what are reliable dietary sources for molybdenum
milk, milk products, beans, whole grains, nuts
Functions of Molybdenum
essential cofactor for Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (mobilizes Fe from storage)
Molybdenum deficiency and toxicity
both are rare
What are factors that enhance calcium absorption?
acidic foods, the presence of lactose or glucose, or an increased need for calcium
certain hormones, estrogen, growth hormones, parathyroid hormones
What are dietary factors that limit the absorption of calcium
fiber, and its phytates and oxalates
high phosphorus intake, excessive intake of iron or zinc
too little vitamin D
increased gastrointestinal motility
What are factors that can increase excretion of calcium in urine
high caffeine, high sodium, or high intake of protein from animal sources
List the hormones needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and describe how calcium homeostasis is maintained
the level of calcium in you blood is under homeostatic control, your body tries to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood ( a blood test would be a poor indicator of calcium status
two hormones: Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone
when blood levels of calcium are low, signal parathyroid to release parathyroid hormone (parathormone) which increased calcium by stimulating the activation of Vitamin D in the kidneys, vitamin D and parathormone together stimualte calcium reabsorption in teh kidneys, active vitamin D enhances absorption of calcium from foods that end up in intestines, active vitamin D and parathormone stimulate osteoclasts in bone to break down some of bone cells releasing calcium in blood stream
acting on kidneys intestines and bones parathormone and active vitamin D all act to increase levels of calcium in blood stream
when calcium levels get too high this action stops and thyroid produces calcitonin which will work to stop the activation of vitamin D, enhance excretion of calcium in kidneys, inhibit absorption of calcium in intestines, and inhibit osteoclast cells in bones from breaking down
calcitonin works in opposite of parathyroid hormone.
describe bone remodeling
osteoclasts: release calcium from bone, reabsorbed into blood, bone eroded
osteoblasts secrete collagen matrix, bone mineral, promote bone formation
building peak bone mass and what factors build a higher bone mass
During growth, osteoblast exceeds osteoclasts activity, more bone mass in areas under higher stress, peak bone mass is reached between 20-30yo, bone loss begins in mid adulthood, significant loss at menopause
higher bone mass= adequate diet, healthy body weight, normal menses, weight bearing physical activity, moderate intakes of P, Na, Caffeine, non smoker, lower use of certain medications
What are factors that enhance and inhibit iron absorption
factors that enhance the absorption of iron
MFP factor, vitamin C, presence of adequate stomach absorption
inhibit: phytates and oxalates int eh fiber of certain plant based foods can bind to iron because they have a highly negative charge and iron positive charge
calcium and phosphorus are also negatively charged inhibit absorption due to competition for binding sites
Tea, coffee, red wine and other foods or bevs high in tannins or polyphenols can also decrease absorption
Describe the Mucosal Block Theory for Iron?
Once inside the intestinal cells (mucosal cells) iron is bound to ferritin and stored there until it is needed elsewhere in the body or the mucosal cell dies in 3-5 days. The iron can be used by the intestinal cell by an enzyme cofactor or if it is needed elsewhere in the body it will be transferred from ferritin to transferrin a protein which can transport iron to other parts of the bodu where it is needed or to the iron where it can be stored. If iron in liver is high the number of ferritin molecules in intestinal mucosal cells increases essentially binding any more iron from your diet and preventing iron stored in your liver and body from getting to high. And the bound iron to ferritin inside the mucosal cells is excreted effectively blocking extra iron absorption in the body
Who is most at risk for iron-deficient anemia?
pregnant women, infants, toddlers, teenagers, women of childbearing age, vegans, runners
Compare the availability of iron from plant and animal sources
iron is more available from animal sources
in vegetables- oxalates and phytates in fiber inhibit the absorption
Factors that inhibit zinc absorption
enhance: protein, the presences of acid, increased need for zinc by the body
inhibit: oxalates and phytates in fiber inhibit the absorption, high amounts of other minerals, copper, iron (possibly calcium and phosphorous)
Minerals that function in bone health
Calcium, Phosphorus Fluoride Magnesium Manganese
Minerals that function in growth and development
Calcium, Phosphorus, Zinc
Minerals that function in blood formation and clotting
Iron Copper Calcium
Minerals the function in nerve impulses
sodium potassium chloride calcium
Minerals that function in muscle contraction and relaxation
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium
Minerals that function in antioxidant defense
selenium zinc chloride potassium calcium magnesium
What are reliable dietary sources of Selenium
organ meats, seafood, muscle, meats, whole grains, diary products, fruits, and vegetables
What is the RDA of Iodide
150 mcg/d
dv is also 150 mcg/d
Minerals that function in cell metabolism
calcium phosphorus magnesium zinc chromium iodide
Minerals that function in water and ion balance in cells
sodium potassium chloride phosphorus water
What is the RDA for iodide
150 mcg/d
DV 150mcg/d
