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Biochemistry CVM 6110 > Water, Acids, Bases, Cell Composition > Flashcards

Water, Acids, Bases, Cell Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is incorrect?

a) Base pairing in DNA is the result of hydrogen bonds
b) Hydrogen bonds in macromolecules can involve hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
c) Hydrogen bonds in water involve an oxygen atom with a partial positive charge and a H atom with a partial negative charge
d) Hydrogen bonds in macromolecules can involve groups in proteins, nucleic acids or carbohydrates

(Sample Question from Lecture)

A

C

Hydrgogen bonds in water involve an oxygen atom with a partial NEGATIVE charge and an H atom with a partial POSITIVE charge - so it’s switched around a bit.

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2
Q

Use the following equation to identify the incorrect statement concerning blood pH and CO2 regulation

CO2 + H20 <—> H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3-

a) An increase in blood H+ would cause an increase in blood CO2
b) An increase in blood HCO3- would cause a decrease in blood H+
c) The above reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
d) An increase in blood CO2 would cause a decrease in blood HCO3-

A

Answer = D

If you increase CO2 in the equation then you force the reaction in the forward direction which would invitably increase the products of the equation since it is at equilibrium. You would INCREASE the amount of HCO3- produced not DECREASE!

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3
Q

Use the following equation to answer the following statement concerning blood pH and CO2 regulation

CO2 + H2O ←—→ H2CO3 ←—→ H+ + HCO3-

What would happen to H2CO3 concentration if the [H+] decreases? Which direction would the equation proceed?

A

Since there is now a deficit of [H+] and the equation is meant to stay at equilibrium the reaction would be forced in the forward direction to create more product [H+]

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4
Q

Which one fo the following statement concerning the composition of the major fluid compartments of the body is correct?

a) The major blood plasma cation is K+
b) One of the major intracellular fluid anions is Cl-
c) One of the major intracellular fluid anions is PO4-
d) Plasma and intracellular fluid are very similar in ionic composition

A

Answer:

C.

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5
Q

Why does the Oxygen in water molecules tend to attract the electrons from its neighboring H atoms?

A

It has a partial negative charge

The electrons spend a little more time around the oxygen giving it a partial negative charge - giving the water molecule the ability to interact with other water molecules and other molecules in solution

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6
Q

What kind of bond allows interactions between water molecules and other water molecules or other molecules in solution?

A

Hydrogen bonds!

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7
Q

Why does hydrogen bonding occur in water molecules (when interacting with other water molecules or other molecules in solution?

A

The partial positive (Hydrogen) and partial negative (Oxygen)

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8
Q

Do hydrogen bonds break?

A

All the time!

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9
Q

How many water molecules can one water molecule hydrogen bond with?

A

Can form 4 hydrogen bonds (5 water molecules together - draw it so you can see!)

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10
Q

What kind of bonds do peptide chains have that help to form secondary and tertiary structure ?

Hint: They help to stabilize the structure!

A

Hydrogen Bonds!

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11
Q

Do hydrogen bonds stay formed or do they break?

A

They break all the time!

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12
Q

How many water molecules can be hydrogen bonded to one another at one time?

A

5!

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13
Q

What kind of bond is responsible for the strength of a peptide chain?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

When peptide chains hydrogen bond which form of structures would they be forming?

a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
d) b and c
e) a, b, and c

A

secondary and tertiary!

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15
Q

Can a hydrogen bond form between other atoms besides hydrogen and oxygen?

A

yes any electronegative atom can take the place of oxygen (i.e. nitrogen)

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16
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine and Thymine form?

A

2

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17
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do Guanine and Cytosine form?

A

3! That makes them more stable!

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18
Q

What does a carboxyl group look like?

A
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19
Q

What does a carbonyl group look like?

A
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20
Q

Fill in the blanks:

If there are more hydroxyl (OH) groups….there are more ______ bonds….which will result in a _______(better or worse) interaction between the aqueous environment.

A

Hydrogen bonds resulting in a better and stronger interaction!!!!

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21
Q

What kind of bonds are used in between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

hint: helps to stabilize DNA!

A

Hydrogen bonds!

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22
Q

An acid is a

A

Proton donor

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23
Q

A base is a…

A

proton acceptor

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24
Q

What are 2 good examples of weak acids that we talked about in class that have partial dissociation?

A

Glutamic acid and lysine

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25
Q

What is the normal pH of the body?

A

7.4!

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26
Q

Define Buffering

A

The ability of weak acids and bases to resist changes in pH due to the addition of H+ or OH=

27
Q

When is buffering best?

A

at the pKa

28
Q

How many dissociable hydrogen ions do phosphate ions have?

A

3

29
Q

Why are phosphate ions significant in the buffering of cellular pH?

A

Because they have 3 dissociable hydrogen ions

30
Q

What are the body’s most important biological buffers at neutral pH?

A

Bicarbonate and phosphates

31
Q

Besides Bicarbonate…what else can act as a biological buffer?

A

Inorganic and organic phosphates and amino acid side chains on proteins

32
Q

Is a hydrogen bond covalen or non-covalent?

A

non-covalent

33
Q

What is the extracellular concentration of both H+ and OH-?

A

10 to the -7 power M

34
Q

True or False

The ability of a weak acid to buffer pH is greatest at H+ concentrations near the pKa of that acid

A

TRUE

35
Q

Is CH3CHOHCOOH and acid or a base?

A

acid

36
Q

Base or Acid?

NH4+

A

Acid

37
Q

Base or Acid?

CH3CHOHCOO-

A

BASE

38
Q

Acid or Base?

NH3

A

Base

39
Q

Ca2+ concentration is high or low in the extracellular fluid (blood plasma)?

A

high

40
Q

Ca2+ concentration is high or low in the intracellular fluid

A

low

41
Q

Extracellular Na+ concentration is high or low (in relation to intracellular fluid)

A

high

42
Q

Intracellular Na+ concentration is high or low?

A

low

43
Q

Intracellular protein concentration is high or low?

A

high

44
Q

Extracellular protein concentration is high or low?

A

low

45
Q

Is the concentration of K+ ions higher in extracellular fluid (blood plasma) or intracellular (cytoplasm)?

A

Intracellular fluid

46
Q

Is H2PO4- an acid or a base?

A

both!

47
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the equilibrium reaction of Blood Bicarbonbate in Metabolic Acidosis?

A

carbonic anhydrase

48
Q

If you metabolize things too quickly then you increase the hydrogen ion concentration potentially causing what?

A

Acidosis

49
Q

At what pH does Acidosis occur?

A

<7.35

50
Q

What is Albumin

A

The major extracellular protein made in the liver

51
Q

Changes in this cation turn pathways on and off

A

Ca+

52
Q

For our purposes what is extracellular fluid equivalent to?

A

blood plasma

53
Q

For the purpose of our class what is equivalent to intracellular fluid?

A

cell fluid or cytoplasm

54
Q

Which chemical components are “high” in Extracellular fluid (in relation to Intracellular fluid)?

A

Na+

Cl-

HCO3-

55
Q

Which chemical components are high in Intracellular fluid (cell fluid) - in relation to extracellular fluid?

A

K+

Phosphates

Protein

56
Q

What is the main carbon in an amino acid called?

A

alpha carbon

57
Q

Which part of an amino acid is the amino component?

A

the NH3+

58
Q

Which part of an amino acid is the COO-?

A

the acid component

59
Q

How do you get derived amino acids?

A

post-translational modifications

i.e. hydroxylysine

60
Q

Why is Proline weird?

A

It has a ring for its R group which causes twisting of the structure

61
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

Where the overall charge on an amino acid is 0

62
Q

pH < pl then there is a ___ charge on the amion acid

A

positive

63
Q

pH > pl = ______ charge on the amion acid

A

negative

64
Q
A

Biochemistry CVM 6110 (8 decks)

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