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Biochemistry CVM 6110 > Proteins , Amino Acids, and Structure > Flashcards

Proteins , Amino Acids, and Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What process starts with genes containing codons for amino acids and results in mRNA?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What process starts with mRNA and results in Proteins?

A

Translation

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3
Q

What diagnostic test do they utilize in Avian Medicine?

A

Electrophoresis Patterns

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4
Q

Basically how does Electrophoresis work?

A

1) Take plasma proteins
2) experimentally change the pH
3) Apply electric current
4) See what moves and what doesn’t (no movement=no charge)

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5
Q

In electrophoresis what are the two BROAD protein fractions?

A

Albumin and Globulin

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6
Q

In electrophoresis what are the 3 subfractions of Globulin?

A

alpha, beta and gamma

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7
Q

When looking at an electrophoretigram name the peaks in order from left to right (excluding those we did not discuss of course)

A

Albumen, Alpha Globulin, Beta Globulin, Gamma Globulin

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8
Q

Why do they use Electrophoresis as a diagnostic tool in Aviane medicine?

A

Changes in proteins helps to diagnose diseases - they often use it as a complement to a CBC (complete blood count)

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9
Q

What do the peaks in Electrophoresis represent?

A

The concentration of that protein fraction in the blood plasma

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10
Q

Which proteins in electrophoresis are considered larger proteins that migrate the shortest distance?

A

Globulins

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11
Q

Which proteins in Electrophoresis are considered smaller proteins and migrate furthest?

A

Albumin

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12
Q

Changes in the levels of alpha globulins can indicate…

A

parisitism

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13
Q

Changes in beta globulins can indicate…

A

an inflammatory response

i.e. aspergillosis in great horned owls

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14
Q

What is the most important thing to notice about an Electrophoretigram?

A

the A/G ratio!

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15
Q

What’s significant about a peptide bond?

A

It can be a partial double bond structure

* not a single not a full double

It has more restricted rotation around carbonyl carbon to N bond

It’s planar!

It does not involve the amino acid side chains

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16
Q

What was significant about Dr. Dickerson’s Diet Coke story?

A

Diet coke has aspartame - which is a dipeptide made of aspartame and phenylalanine

It acts as a sweetener but if you rearrange things it no longer acts as a sweetener! It’s the formation of this peptide bond that makes it act like a sweetener!

17
Q

What is an intrachain connection?

A

connection within the same chain

18
Q

What is an interchain connection?

A

A connection between 2 different chains

19
Q

How do you form a disulfide bridge?

A

oxidation of two cysteine molecules

20
Q

How do they make insulin?

A

Proinsulin is processed - the C peptide is cleaved and you get the short insulin form

21
Q

Which level of protein stucture has been the most important in developing insulin in the laboratory setting?

A

Primary structure

22
Q

Where is insulin made and secreted in the body?

A

islet cells of the pancrease

23
Q

What types of protein structures are considered secondary?

A

alpha helices and beta sheets

24
Q

Because of it’s planar structure helices form in a rigid manor - which conformation is more stable? Right or Left?

A

Right

25
Q

Are peptide bonds perpendicullar or parallel to the alpha helix?

A

Parallel

26
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does 1 peptide form?

A

TWO!

one to the 4th amino acid above

one to the 4th amion acid below

27
Q

In beta sheets are the side chains involved in hydrogen bonding?

A

no! - the side chains have nothing whatsoever to do with the secondary structure

28
Q

True or False

Beta Sheets can be parallel or anti-parallel

A

True

we don’t need to know the difference between the two right now

29
Q

Which types of interactions help to stabilize the tertiary protein structure?

A

ionic interactions

hydrophobic interactions

hydrogen bonds

30
Q

How do you define Tertiary structure (for the purpose of our class)?

A

The overall location of each of the atoms in space

31
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

an amino acid sequence

32
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein?

A

alpha helices and beta sheets by h-bonding

33
Q

Are tertiary structures rigid? In other words can they change?

A

They are not rigid - they can change

Biochemistry CVM 6110 (8 decks)

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