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Geog > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

1
Q

What is the global water budget?

A

the annual balance of water fluxes and the size of water stores

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2
Q

What is one type of non-renewable water source?

A

Fossil water

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3
Q

What is the drainage basin?

A

the area of land driven by a river and tributaries

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4
Q

What is the watershed?

A

the boundary of the drainage basin

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5
Q

What is orographic rainfall?

A

water vapour is forced up the mountain and it cools and condenses due to altitude. Precipitation then occurs over the mountains

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6
Q

What is cyclonic rainfall?

A

warm and cool air meet and as warm air is less dense it rises and condenses

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7
Q

What is conventional rainfall?

A

normally happens in a 24 hour cycle where insolation starts evaporation which leads to precipitations later in the day

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8
Q

Factors which factors which affect basin flows and fluxes?

A

Infiltration, interception, rainfall, overland flow, percolation and evaporation/transpiration

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9
Q

Physical factors which affect a drainage basin

A

Climate, soil, geology, relief and vegetation

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10
Q

Human factors which affect a drainage basin

A

Urbanisation, dams, deforestation and over grazing

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11
Q

Factors which impact river regime

A

Size of basin, precipitation, geology, temperature and human activities

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12
Q

What is a drought?

A

an extended period of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical multi-year average for a region

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13
Q

What is a meteorological drought?

A

occurs when long-term precipitation is much lower than normal

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14
Q

What is an agricultural drought?

A

occurs when there is insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of particular crops at a particular time

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15
Q

What is a hydrological drought?

A

occurs when there are deficiencies in surface and subsurface water supplies, measured in rivers, lakes and groundwater

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16
Q

What is a socio-economic drought?

A

occurs when the water demand for social and economic purposes exceeds water availability

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17
Q

What are the physical causes of drought?

A

ITCZ, Mid-Atlantic blocking anticyclones, ENSO and other general processes (intense solar radiation)

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18
Q

What is the ITCZ?

A

A belt of low atmospheric pressure located around the equator moves north and south of the equator seasonally
wet seasons= when it arrives
dry seasons=when it moves away

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19
Q

What are Mid-Atlantic blocking anticyclones?

A

Precipitation is created when warm tropical air rises over cold polar air
These anticyclones bring stable conditions with little precipitation (heat waves) and forcing rain-baring depressions out

20
Q

What is the ENSO?

A

El Nino is a naturally occurring large mass of very warm seawater in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
Warm moist air is pushed from South America to Australia by ocean currents, creating precipitation

21
Q

What are human causes of drought?

A

over abstraction, reservoirs/dams, deforestation, overgrazing, enhanced greenhouse effect and urbanisation

22
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

an interconnected community of living organisms within a defined physical environment

23
Q

What is a biome?

A

the specific geographical location where animals and plants interact

24
Q

What are benefits of wetlands to humans?

A

research, tourism, aesthetics, education, freshwater source

25
Q

What are benefits of wetlands to the environment?

A

maintain the hydrological cycle, habitats, high biodiversity, photosynthesis

26
Q

What is flooding?

A

when a river exceeds bankfull discharge

27
Q

What are human causes of flooding?

A

deforestation, global warming, urbanization, overgrazing

28
Q

What are physical causes of flooding?

A

increased precipiation, natural disaster, impermeable rocks, rise in temperature, topography

29
Q

How does climate change impact inputs and outputsof the hydrological cycle?

A

Increased evaporation, intense rainfall, flash flooding in urban areas, sea levels rising by 1m by 2100

30
Q

What is water insecurity?

A

the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality of water for sustaining human well being and socio-economic development

31
Q

What are the 3 types of hard engineering?

A

desalinization, dams/reservoirs and redirecting water/transfer projects

32
Q

LEDC drought case study

A

Sahel,Africa

33
Q

MEDC drought case study

A

SE Australia

34
Q

Percentage decline of rainfall in Australia

A

80%

35
Q

Ecosystems affected by drought

A

Everglades (wetlands) Pinon Pines (SW USA)

36
Q

Percentage of pine trees destroyed by bark beetles?

A

90%

37
Q

Social impacts of UK storms

A

5200 homes affected (Desmond)
40 schools closed
2 deaths

38
Q

Economic impacts of UK storms

A

Cost £50 million to help homes affected (Desmond)
9000 business properties flooded (Eva)
Major travel disruption (Frank)

39
Q

Environmental impacts of UK storms

A

Landslides (Eva)

40
Q

Water conflict case study

A

the river nile

41
Q

Geopolitical issues around the river nile

A

Population estimated to double from 300 million to 600 million by 2030
Egypt is 95% dependent on the Nile but other countries such as Ethiopia are largely reliant for crop irrigation

42
Q

Large scale water management

A

Three Gorges dam

43
Q

Social impact of the Three Gorges dam

A

1.3 million people forced to relocate

44
Q

Economic impact of the Three Gorges dam

A

HEP, tourism of scenic area lost, accessible shipping, cost $22-39 billion

45
Q

Environmental impact of the Three Gorges dam

A

Reguates water flow and decreases flooding, reduced reliance on coal power stations

46
Q

Sustainable water supply scheme/ technofix?

A

Chinas south to north water transfer

47
Q

What percentage of water in the north of China comes from the south?

A

70%

Geog (8 decks)

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