Tectonics Flashcards
LEDC Volcano case study
Nyiragongo
Social impacts of nyiragongo?
120,000 homeless
400,000 evacuated
100 deaths
Economic impacts of nyrigongo?
350,000 dependent on aid
Loss of infrastructure and businesses
Environmental impacts of nyriagongo?
Lava covered 15% of the city
MEDC Volcano?
Iceland
Social impacts of Iceland?
700 evacuated
Zero deaths
Economic impacts of Iceland?
30 farms destroyed
95,000 flights cancelled
Airlines lost £200 million per day
Environmental impacts of Iceland?
150m thick ice cap melted causing flooding
Crops destroyed
LEDC Earthquake?
Haiti
Social impacts of Haiti?
220,000 deaths
300,000 injured
1.3 million homeless
Environmental impacts of Haiti?
Contaminated water spreading diseases such as cholera
Economic impacts of Haiti?
30,000 buildings collapsed
Pressure of services
Primary responses?
Food aid
Refugee camps
Rescue teams
Secondary responses?
Money pledged by governments and organisations
Schools and infrastructure rebuilt
MEDC Earthquake
L’Aquilla Italy
Social impacts in Italy?
290 deaths
1500 injured
Environmental impacts in Italy?
Landslides
Economic impacts in Italy?
110,000 buildings damaged
Cost $15 billion to repair
How many cm does the Pacific plate move over the Hawaiian hotspot?
5-10cm per year
Social impacts in Japan?
20,000 deaths
530,000 evacuated
Environmental impacts in Japan?
500 km2 of land was hit destroying settlements, crops and farms
Economic impacts of Japan?
Businesses/infrastructure destroyed
Cost $30 billion to repair
A primary response to Japan tsunami?
100,000 Japanese soldiers sent for search and rescue
Describe the crust
Graphite/basalt
Solid
50-80km
900’C
Describe the mantle
Peridite
Liquid
2900km
1600’C
Describe the inner core
Iron/nickel
Solid
1270km
5-6000’C
Describe the outer core
Iron/nickel
Liquid
2200km
4000’C
Describe a divergent plate boundary
Plates are pulled away from each other
Oceanic= seafloor spreading eg. Mid Atlantic ridge
Continenetal= rift valley eg. Kenya, Africa
Describe a convergent plate boundary
Plates are moved towards each other
Oceanic-continenetal= composite cone/fold mountains
Oceanic-oceanic= shield volcano/tsunami
Continental-continental= fold mountains
Describe a conservative plate boundary
Plates rub against each other creating friction and building up pressure. The stress is suddenly released causing seismic waves from the focus. An earthquake occurs.
Describe Alfred Wegner’s theory of plate tectonics (1912)
- Jigsaw fit between S America and Africa
- Matching rock sequence in NW Scotland and E Canada
- Coal in Antartica must have been in a warmer climate
- Branchiopods (Permian fossil) found in India and Australia.
- Glacial deposits+striations in Brazil match W Africa
Describe Harry Hess’ theory of plate tectonics (1962)
Seafloor spreading- occurs on a constructive plate margin where new rock forms from basalt lava
Paleomagnetism- the earth’s magnetic field switches polarity every 400,000 years causing the rocks to line up in different directions. Proving that new rocks are forming so plates are being pulled apart.
What are the 3 types of tsunamis?
Underwater, Submarine and Underwater/coastal landslide
What are the stages of Parks disaster response curve?
Pre-disaster (life as normal)
Relief (increase in deterioration, leading to search and rescue and care)
Rehabilitation (help is accessed and people are getting back to normality)
Reconstruction (permanent rebuilding of infrastructure to get to normality and above to improvement)
What is the definition of a hazard?
a natural/geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and poverty
What is the definition of a disaster?
a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts
What is the definition of a mega disaster?
when a major hazardous event becomes catastrophic and more than a disaster (eg. huge death toll)
What is the pressure and release model?
Risk= hazard x vulnerability
