water Flashcards
What is water classified as in the body?
Water is an essential nutrient required for all biochemical reactions in the body.
What percentage of plasma is water?
92% of plasma is water.
What does intracellular mean?
Intracellular refers to fluid inside cells.
What does extracellular mean?
Extracellular refers to fluid outside cells.
What is interstitial fluid?
Interstitial fluid is extracellular fluid around cells.
What is intravascular fluid?
Intravascular fluid is extracellular fluid in blood vessels.
Where does tap water come from?
Tap water comes from surface reservoirs.
What chemicals and minerals are added to tap water?
Chemicals and minerals such as fluoride, chlorine, and aluminium salts are added.
What is the minimal water loss per day?
The minimal water loss per day is 1.6 liters.
How do kidneys regulate fluid?
Kidneys regulate fluid via anti-diuretic hormones.
What factors rely on hormones in relation to water?
Volume and concentration of urine, blood volume, and blood pressure rely on hormones.
What is the adequate water intake for women?
The adequate intake of water for women is 2.1 - 2.8 L/day.
What is the adequate water intake for men?
The adequate intake of water for men is 2.6 - 3.4 L/day.
How is water intake calculated?
Water intake is calculated as body weight x 0.003 L/day.
What increases the demand for water?
Thirst or drinking defects, such as hypothalamic lesions, increase the demand for water.
What are some causes of increased water loss?
Increased water loss can occur through vomiting, diarrhea, drugs, chaffing, fever, burns, exercise, and heat.
What effect does kidney failure have on water demand?
Kidney failure increases the demand for water.
What are signs of dehydration at 1-2% loss?
Signs include thirst, fatigue, and loss of appetite.
What are signs of dehydration at 3-4% loss?
Signs include dry mouth, decreased physical activity, urine output, apathy, and impatience.
What are signs of dehydration at 5-6% loss?
Signs include headache, difficulty concentrating, increased respiratory and heart rate, and impaired heat regulation.
What are signs of dehydration at 7-8% loss?
Signs include dizziness, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion, and spastic muscles.
What can happen at 10% dehydration?
At 10% dehydration, death can occur.
What is water toxicity?
Water toxicity is characterized by hyponatraemia, oedema, mental confusion, nausea, weakness, poor coordination, seizures, headache, kidney failure, and death.
What factors influence water quality in Australia?
Factors include droughts, bushfires, floods, farming, blackwater events, cyanobacteria, stormwater contamination, and human activities such as mining and irrigation.
