warwicks rebellions 1469 - 71 Flashcards
give a brief overview of warwicks rebellion in 1469
warwick joined with the duke of clarence, they defeated edwards army at edgecote and captured edward warwick tried to rule in his place but this failed largely. in march 1470 he tried to rule again after a rebellion in lincolnshire- failed too and forced to flee to france formed an alliance with margaret of anjou and louix xi and aimed to restore henry vi to the throne forced edward to flee to burgundy edward later fought two decisive battles at barnet and tewksebury edward reclaimed the throne with all enemies dead
give a brief overview of nevilles character
one of the richest nobles in england supported richard duke of york and edward iv captain of calais - popular through piracy victory at northampton became edwards trusted advisor - made ‘kingmaker’
list the reasons why warwick rebelled?
warwicks plans for family marriages ended by woodvilles embarrassed and humiliated by the woodville marriage decision to ally with burgundy showed loss of influence over edward dismissed warwicks brother from his position as chancellor - declining influence new nobles reduced warwicks influence - herbert
warwick wanted to marry his daughter to clarence but edward refused the idea wanted control over welsh lands that edward had given to herbert
why did clarence rebel?
charmed and persuaded by warwick disliked the woodville family and felt threatened by the power given to them
feared losing privileged status at court he was angry that edward refused to sanction the marriage between him and isabel neville blamed the queen and anthony woodville for influencing the king angered and humiliated clarence joined warwick hoped to gain the throne!
how did the woodville marriage influence warwicks rebellion?
warwick was humiliated after negotiating a marriage to bona of savoy warwick lost out due to the marriage market being dominated by woodvilles extended edwards support base i.e. earl rivers made treasurer felt as though he was being replaced by the woodvilles influence of king was declining
how did warwicks declining influence impact warwicks rebellion?
promoted new men i.e. earl rivers
William Herbert and William Hastings and were favoured by Edward at Warwick’s expense. Earl Rivers (as we saw) was made treasurer replacing Warwick’s uncle Lord Mountjoy. Herbert was given control over Wales which Warwick had wanted. Hastings was made Edward’s chamberlain which was the most senior position in the king’s household. Warwick saw the Woodvilles and these ‘new men’ as pushing him out from his position as chief advisor to the king and excluding other Nevilles.
How did edwards determination to rule influence warwicks rebellion?
He had been given a lot of responsibility and appeared to want more (e.g. Wales) He expected Edward to ask him for advice and to be guided by him
including in foreign policy his use of patronage and Edward’s foreign policy shows that Edward was making decisions independently of Warwick and consulting others which he resented.
how did foreign policy influence warwicks rebellion?
Edward (and the Woodvilles) favoured an alliance with Burgundy; Warwick with France. By 1467 Edward had made the alliance with Burgundy
cementing it in 1468 with the marriage between his sister Margaret and Charles (the Bold) of Burgundy the heir to the Duchy of Burgundy. This left Warwick humiliated once again but also demonstrated clearly that he had little influence over Edward’s decisions. Edward perhaps was more in tune with people in England for example merchants favoured a Burgundian alliance because it would bring trade. However it did mean Louis XI of France would look for an opportunity to undermine and attack England.
how did the presence of credible alternatives influence warwicks rebellion?
If Warwick wanted to remove Edward IV from power he needed an alternative to replace him as he couldn’t become king himself (not of royal blood). Credible alternatives: George duke of clarence, henry vi
who was more to blame for the quarrel?
edward undermined him through the woodville marriage but ultimately warwick became over-zealous and power hungry
give a brief timeline of the events of warwicks rebellion 1469 - april
uprising by robin of redesdale edward slow to react july - sent messages to W + C to prove they were not behind it warwick had already travelled to celebrate clarences marriage 26 july - battle of edgecote - defeats edwards forces - edward held captive at warwicks castle october - uneasy peace with edward november - february 1470 - edward works to build support rewards loyalty of richard duke of gloucester 1470: 1 march - henry percy released from tower of london 24 march - john neville promoted to marquess of montagu as compensation rebellion occured in lincolnshire but edward was able to meet the rebels 12 march - battle of losecote field becomes clear w + c were behind the rebellion fled to calais 2 may - offered refuge by louis xi
why did edward ivs mistakes contribute to him losing the throne?
Young & inexperienced Chose weaker alliance with Burgundy; France bigger and therefore a bigger market for English goods; Louis would also have backed Edward
not the Lancastrians – overall it weakened his position. Mistaken marriage to Elizabeth Woodville alienated Warwick. Mistaken treatment of Montagu Warwick’s brother – made him Earl of Northumberland in 1461 but gave title back to Percy in March 1470; Montagu was loyal to Edward at first and helped to suppress risings in north but by September 1470 he had defected to join his brother; meant Edward now faced two armies which led to his own soldiers deserting him in the face of such overwhelming opposition forcing Edward into exile in Burgundy.
to what extent did the earl of warwicks betrayal influence edward losing the throne?
warwick was greedy and ambitious
risings in the north (robin of redesdale) inspired by warwick clarence marriage was the first point of edward being undermined. warwick issued manifestos quoting ‘ evil Councillors ‘ warwick landed in devon and put henry back on the throne
to what extent did the duke of clarences betrayal influence edward losing the throne
greedy and over-ambitious never satisfied wanted more land and influence in court.
Resented Woodville’s and blamed them for Edward’s refusal to allow him to marry Isabel Neville.
to what extent did discontent and rebellion influence edward losing the throne?
Edward’s first reign didn’t end discontent and disorder peace didn’t last because: Edward was granted tax money for war with France that didn’t happen but he kept the money. Economic depression worsened by poor harvests Trade Treaty with Burgundy favoured them which was resented Warwick and Clarence stirred up discontent. Discontent led to series of risings in Yorkshire in April 1469 (Robin of Redesdale and Robin Holderness) put down by Montagu but reappeared in July with Warwick behind it. decline in confidence in Edward which nobility took advantage of
how did louis xi influence edward losing the throne?
Louis looking for way to undermine Edward since his alliance with Burgundy. Watched relationship between Warwick and Edward break down and saw opportunity. Brought Warwick and Margaret of Anjou together to form an alliance and put Henry VI back on throne. The alliance gave Warwick a credible alternative to the throne; a ‘puppet’ king through whom he could rule. The alliance was therefore significant in leading to Edward’s fall.
to what extent did margaret of anjou influence edward losing the throne?
Constantly sought pro-Lancastrian alliances to restore Henry VI to throne and ensure succession of Prince Edward – opportunity arose with Louis XI. Willing to forget past hatred of Warwick (e.g. he’d suggested Prince Edward was illegitimate); Warwick also willing to forgive her execution of his father the Earl of Salisbury. Met at Anger in 1470. Agreed marriage between Anne and Prince Edward with Henry back on throne. Prince Edward would be regent under Warwick’s guidance. Clarence would be given Duchy of York and would inherit throne if Edward died without and heir. Not happy therefore key reason for defection.
what happens in nov 1470 that significantly weakens clarences prospects
elizabeth gives birth to a son - no longer in line for the yorkist throne
how does edward show his political skill upon his return?
he claims to return soley to regain the duchy of york
faced no opposition further he goes south the more support and power he gathers
which notable figures were involved at the battle of barnet
edward
his brother richard
lord hastings
warwick
oxford
exeter
montagu
why was the battle of tewksebury a difficult battle for edward to win?
Lancastrian defensive position on hill top
and Yorkists had to move through woodland and across water-filled dykes.
what mistake did the lancastrian forces make at tewksebury?
Came down from their defensive position to unsuccessfully attack Yorkists.
14th april 1471
14th april 1471 Battle of Barnet - warwick and Montagu killed
4 May 1471
Edward won the battle of Tewksebury
Prince edward of lancaster killed
