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U: War of the roses > 1483-85: Richard III's reign > Flashcards

1483-85: Richard III's reign Flashcards

1
Q

what happened in the treaty of arras?

A

Edward had lost his french pension and the proposed marriage alliance with the next king of France, it did not represent the final word between england, burgundy and france prevented any hope of recovering the position

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2
Q

when did edward iv die?

A

9th april 1483

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3
Q

how did edward die and what did he do on his deathbed?

A

he had been suffering from a short illness and in his final days he made hasty amendments to his will. Lord hastings and the Marquess of dorset visited him and agreed to end their long term feud. however, richard, prince edward and earl rivers did not make it to his deathbed.

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4
Q

what was the most remarkable point of his death?

A

he died peacefully in bed, and was the only male of his immediate family to die of natural causes. all died violently.

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5
Q

which policy was the worst affected following edwards death?

A

foreign policy was worst affected, while edward threatened to renew war with france, he died before any action could be taken. In any case, it is highly likely that englands finances would not be able to cope with another war, as war with scotland ruined only recently restored finances. however, he may have been able to resolve this, given the time

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6
Q

who was named king following edwards death?

A

Edward V, but Richard aimed to intercept him before he reached London

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7
Q

what were five problems following Edwards death that was his fault?

A
  1. Buckingham was resentful over being an outsider.
  2. Edward IV was not prepared for death.
  3. The Woodvilles were disliked.
  4. Doesn’t send for the prince and Gloucester when he was ill.
  5. King’s will was quite last minute.
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8
Q

what were 5 problems following edwards death that were not his fault?

A
  1. Edward V was only 12 years old.
  2. People were unprepared for a usurpation.
  3. Rivalry between Hastings and Dorset.
  4. Edward’s personality was what held everything together.
  5. Richard’s ambition.
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9
Q

who did richard execute (his close friend showing his ruthlessness)

A

lord hastings who was executed without a trial, accusing him of treason

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10
Q

what reason did richard give to act as protector and put edward v in the tower

A

for protection against the woodvilles

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11
Q

where did elizabeth woodville go following edward ivs death?

A

westminster abbey

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12
Q

who was originally given care of edward v before his coronation?

A

earl rivers

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13
Q

who advised richard to return to london as soon as possible?

A

Hastings

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14
Q

who did richard arrest so that he could take edward into his custody?

A

earl rivers

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15
Q

what did richard promise to do on 22nd june 1483?

A

crown edward v as king

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16
Q

name two nobles who richard promoted to help him in his role as protector?

A

buckingham
howard

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17
Q

when was richard crowned as king?

A

26th june 1483

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18
Q

why was richard seen as a violent usurper?

A

the death of the princes in the tower

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19
Q

how did richard claim edward was illegitimate?

A
  • he was already in a pre agreed marriage so his children were illegitimate
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20
Q

when did richard join edward in the tower

A

june, for protection

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21
Q

what are the arguments for richard killing the princes in the tower?

A

elizabeth woodville supported henry tudor = wouldnt do that if her sons were alive
henry tudor attended the whole case - big?
richard was ruthless in his aspirations for the throne i.e. hastings
buckingham joined henrys cause (knew the princes were dead)
probably had buckingham kill them
couldnt show the boys following buckinghams rebellion like another king could

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22
Q

what are the arguments for richard not killing the boys?

A
  • suggestion that edward v was already ill, being treated by a physician - no one has claimed to be him but many pretenders have claimed to be richard
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23
Q

what was the response to the disappearance to the princes in the tower?

A

ruthless even for a violent usurper, killing children was too far
rebellion broke out in the south and west, lost noble support

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24
Q

where was richards stronghold?

A

the north

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25
who was richard married to?
anne neville
26
what were the problems with anne neville?
- she only produced 1 heir during the 10 years of marriage - fertility - the neville family often produced girls not likely to produce another heir to continue the yorkist dynasty
27
who was richards biggest alliance?
buckingham, Richard made Buckingham the Constable of England, as well as Chief Justice and Lord Chamberlain of Wales. He also gave Buckingham the stewardship of more than four dozen castles in Wales and the Welsh Marches.
28
when was buckinghams rebellion?
October 1483
29
what 3 reasons were given for buckingham joining the rebellion?
- own self interest seeing richards lack of support - ruthlessness of the actions of the princes in the tower - own support for henry tudor and his cause
30
why is the name 'buckinghams rebellion' misleading?
buckingham joined relatively late into the rebellion where it was mostly supressed, mostly started by elizabeth woodville and margaret beaufort to restore henry to the throne
31
where were the three main centres of rebellion?
south east - kent led by edwards former servants - gentry wielded significant influence second was in the south central england - salsibury, newbury, wiltshire, dorset and somerset. supporters of edward iv and george duke of clarence. south west led by thomas grey and thomas st leger, close associates of woodville
32
what did the aim of buckinghams rebellion change to?
from restoring edward as king to putting henry tudor on the throne, outrage for treatment of edwards heirs
33
how was the rebellion leaked
news of henrys plans to invade wales got back to london due to royal spies and richard could prepare
34
what happened on 18th october 1483
risings at brecon, berkshire, salisbury and exeter
35
what was the impact of buckinghams rebellion?
- gave henry a viable claim to the throne - gave henry a rebel army gathering in brittany - lost the most powerful noble support and ally
36
how was the duke of buckingham captured
he was abandoned by his welsh troops and failed to rally any support in herefordshire. he went into hiding but was betrayed. his execution took place on 2 nov, other rebels had been deterred. exeter put up no defences against richard and thomas st leger was executed. rest of the rebels dispersed
37
name one noble who fled to brittany to join henry tudor
marquess of dorset. sir john cheyne, robert willoughby
38
why did the rebellion fail?
seven ships from Brittany carrying over 500 Breton soldiers, Henry Tudor, and many of his supporters were to have risen simultaneously against Richard III. A gale prevented this planned landing from being successfully carried out, and in England a premature uprising in Kent forewarned Richard that Buckingham had changed sides.
39
name 3 key noble rebels:
john cheyne thomas grey edward courtenay
40
who remained loyal to richard iii?
duke of norfolk ralph de ashton
41
whose son did richard take to ensure loyalty
thomas stanley
42
how many of edwards counsellors did richard keep?
24
43
what happened to richard in april 1484?
his only son died and it was unlikely that he would have another
44
when did anne neville die and why did this cause problems
march 1485, rumours spread of richard poisoning anne to marry elizabeth of york (meant to marry tudor) so could no longer marry, dislike increased
45
who did richard name john de la pole?
his heir, but he had a strong claim to the throne (better than him), no Plantagenet claim to the throne
46
how many french troops accompanied henry tudors invasion
1500
47
who was richards welsh alliance and what did henry tudor promise him?
rhys ap thomas, lieutenancy of wales
48
when was the battle of bosworth?
22 august 1485
49
what was richards act of parliament in 1484?
settled the crown upon richard, ensured any one else was illegitimate
50
who were richards strong allies in his immediate circle?
duke of norfolk - most powerful reliable supporter viscount lovell lord scrope of bolton rest of nobility remained distant and added political uncertainty. his greatest alliance was dead he gave titles and distributed land and offices but received mixed outcomes
51
who were over mighty subjects in richards reign?
- lord stanley - earl of northumberland
52
what did richard do with the rebels?
passed an act of attainder for treason for 104 rebels. remained a dangerous power vacuum in the south
53
what did richard do in the south?
he put his northern allies in the south and granted them lands before the attainder had been passed (very illegal) did not take into account rights of widows or those who had rightful claims to the land
54
how did richards policy in the south backfire?
deeply resented intrusion, small uprisings continued in the south they felt that his northern alliances were intruders richard edgecombe stirred up trouble never to gain any support from the south again
55
how did henry gain support
he recruited french mercenaries to bolster his invasion force
56
where did richard go when he heard of henrys plans to invade
nottingham where he waited and watched for his french invasion and issued his proclamation
57
who made up henrys forces?
those who had fled after buckinghams rebellion experiences commanders and fighting men including earl of pembroke, sir edward woodville, earl of oxford marquess of dorset was to remain in france as surety for one of the loans taken out by henry tudor 500 english men 2000 french mercenaries reliant on supporters in england
58
where was the invasion intended to land
in wales, as this was where tudor roots lay and it was hoped that there would be much support due to herbert family now dominant in wales.
59
give a timeline of his landinh
1 aug - left france due to good weather giving a safer fleeting 7 aug - landed in milford haven , met not resistance but met no allies. letters written to urge others to join, some responded, knew that beacons would spread word of invasion
60
who were richards supporters in wales that joined henry
rhys ap thomas and walter herbert - gave the impression that they would defend wales swelled army and entered england on the 15th august
61
what did richard do when he heard of invasion?
sent summonses to lords, called men to arms and called duke of norfolk to gather his men. sense of delay to his actions - rhys ap thomas? other yorkists dragged their heels - earl of northumberland, and lord stanley showed little support in his cause
62
what did sir richard galbot do?
gave henry 500 men, invasion could slow down to allow time for stanleys to push ahead
63
what was the impact of the stanleys in the advancing forces?
gave the force a needed rest and allowed them to gain supporters in litchfield, still kept their difference - demoralising
64
what did lord stafford do?
offered a smokescreen to allow the rebels to advance
65
how did the lack of support from stanleys affect richard and henry?
greatly weakened his position, stanley avoided all requests to join the royal forces. uncertainty however, henry did not have his support either. his army was on the verge of disbanding henry believed that he would have his forces within the rebel army.
66
how was richards army better than henrys?
twice the size, well equipped with cavalry, infantry and artillery
67
how was henrys army strong?
smaller, but boosted with well paid foreign mercenaries, who were not bothered with treason. led by experienced battle and capable knights
68
what did the stanleys not do?
send armies in with henry, but it was too late for them to not commit
69
who was sent in with the vanguard?
earl of oxford, with archers and henry followed with his troops of cavalry, richards mirrored this with his vanguard led by duke of norfolk
70
how did the earl of oxford help the battle?
he took the iniative in battle
71
how did richard seize the opportunity
he headed towards henry with a small group of soldiers, this was highly unusual because it was extremely dangerous for another leader to make a direct aim in the thick of battle almost successful
72
how did richards decision fail?
standard bearer was killed, william brandon and richard personally killed leading knight john cheyne. however french mercenaries protected him from attack lord stanley then made the decisive action to support henry which tipped the balance to henrys cause.
73
did the earl of northumberland join
no he watched from afar
74
what happened to richards body?
his body was taken on display on a horse for 3 days and william sanlet placed the crown on henrys head
75
6 motives for richard taking the throne?
1. Ambition for power which developed in late May/early June. 2. Fear of an attack by the Woodvilles. 3. Belief that England needed him. 4. Fear of losing his northern lands. 5. Belief that he was the rightful king 6. Ambition for power immediately after Edward IV's death.
76
what were richards strengths as king?
1. He's an adult 2. Crowned king - an anointed monarch 3. Has some powerful allies 4. Hastings, Rivers, Grey, and Vaughan are dead. 5. Both princes in his possession 6. Political experience 7. Military support from his northern power base.

U: War of the roses (11 decks)

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