henry viis reign: 1485 - 99 Flashcards
1
Q
what was the first thing that henry did to secure his throne?
A
Henry dated the time of his reign to the day before the Battle of Bosworth. Therefore, legally Richard and those that had supported him could be classed as traitors. As such anyone deemed guilty of treason could have all their property taken from them by an Act of Attainder. This was very convenient for a new king as he became the recipient of this land. It also meant that nobles would go out of their way to profess their loyalty to the king.
2
Q
how did henrys marriage to elizabeth of york support his reign?
A
First his marriage to Elizabeth of York was a political marriage designed to unite both houses of York and Lancashire. That it developed into a strong marriage is not doubted – Elizabeth’s death had a major impact on Henry – but in its original intent it was to take the sting out of the friction that existed between both houses.
3
Q
when did henry marry elizabeth of york and why was this significant?
A
18th January 1486
this was significant because it was 5 months after his battle of bosworth field so made sure he did not rely on her for his rule
4
Q
when did henry arrange his coronation and why was this significant?
A
Henry arranged for his coronation to be before the first sitting of Parliament after Bosworth. Henry was crowned on October 30th and Parliament met on November 7th. Therefore Henry could very publicly state that he did not need Parliament to declare him king as he was king before Parliament met.
5
Q
what did henry do to the earl of warwick?
A
The most important person Henry had to deal with was the 10-year old nephew of Richard III, the Earl of Warwick. Though only ten in 1485, he was still a figure that Yorkists could rally around. Warwick was sent to the Tower where he lived in comfort though he was not allowed to leave the fortress
6
Q
how did henry deal with the earl of lincoln?
A
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, had been named as Richard’s heir. However, he professed his loyalty to Henry and this was sufficient for the king. Lincoln was to join the king’s council though he was to flee to Ireland during the Simnel affair
7
Q
how long was the earl of surrey kept in prison?
A
4 years
The Earl of Surrey was kept in prison until 1489 until Henry was convinced of his loyalty.
8
Q
what happened to the duke of northumberland?
A
who had refused to fight for Richard at Bosworth, was imprisoned shortly after Bosworth but was quickly released and allowed to continue with his old post in the north where he had a great deal of power.
9
Q
what did other york family members have to do?
A
Other senior York family members were required to pay a surety to ensure their good behaviour. This happened to Viscount Beauchmont whereas other families had a family member attached to the royal court acting almost like a hostage for good behaviour – this happened to the Earl of Westmorland.
10
Q
what did henry need to marry elizabeth of york?
A
He asked for papal dispensation so that he could marry Elizabeth of York.
11
Q
why was henry in a weak position at the start of his reign?
A
- He lacked support as his claim to the throne was weak.
- He had gained the throne only through battle.
- Yorkists were unhappy that a Lancastrian was on the throne.
12
Q
when did henry become king?
A
1485
13
Q
how did henry have a claim to the throne?
A
margaret beaufort was the great grandaughter of edward iii and his father was the half brother of henry vi
14
Q
how old was henry when he fled to brittany?
A
14
15
Q
who did henry flee to brittany with?
A
his uncle jasper tudor
16
Q
how many knighthoods did henry grant to followers that helped him?
A
11
17
Q
give an example of henry granting a noble a new title
A
william stanley - chamberlain of the household?
18
Q
when was henrys coronation?
A
30th october 1485
19
Q
when was henrys first child born?
A
1486 - arthur tudor
20
Q
why was henry in a weak position?
A
- he had a weak claim to the throne
- faced several pretenders who had stronger claim
21
Q
how many attainders were passed during his reign?
A
138
22
Q
when was the lovell rebellion?
A
march/april 1486
23
Q
who were the leaders of the lovell rebellion?
A
viscount francis lovell, humphrey and thomas stafford
24
Q
where did lovell and the stafford brothers try to gain support?
A
- north yorkshire
- the midlands
25
why was the lovell rebellion caused?
unrest at henrys reign and continuing loyalty to richard iii
26
what did henry do about the lovell rebellion?
sent his troops to offer an ultimatum - pardon and reconciliation or excommunication and death
27
how did rebels respond to henrys offer at lovells rebellion?
the rebels fled, lovell escaped (we think) and thomas was pardoned, humphrey was executed
28
give a timeline of the lovell rebellion?
The rebellion started with Francis Lovell and the Stafford brothers mustering support from fellow Yorkist loyalists.
In spring 1486, Lovell instigated the rebellion from Yorkshire, while the Staffords started the uprising in Worcestershire.
When the rebellion failed to gain mass support, Lovell escaped to Burgundy, and the Staffords sought sanctuary in a local church.
The rebellion came to an end after the Staffords were captured from the church, thereby extinguishing the flame of the uprising.
29
what was the short term consequences of lovells rebellion?
exposed the vulnerabilities of King Henry VII's reign. It highlighted the deep-seated resentments and loyalties that still remained amongst the Yorkists, despite the end of the Wars of the Roses. Furthermore, the rebellion made it apparent that King Henry VII's rule was far from secure and still faced considerable opposition.
30
what was the long term consequence of lovells rebellion?
the rebellion contributed to setting the stage for future uprisings, most notably, the Lambert Simnel uprising and the Perkin Warbeck rebellion. The discontent that had been simmering since the Stafford And Lovell Rebellion was carried over to these later revolts. The rebellion ultimately served as a clear reminder of the unstable and divisive political climate of that era.
31
who was francis lovell?
He was a staunch Yorkist, who, following the defeat and death of Richard III, continued to resist the new reign of King Henry VII.
32
what two things did the simnel rebellion need to be more successful than lovell?
A figurehead (Yorkist Prince); financial support
33
who was lambert simnel?
He pretended to be the Earl of Warwick (initially Richard from the Tower)
34
who encouraged simnel to rebel?
Richard Symonds
35
where did symonds take simnel to gain support?
to Ireland as it had been a centre of Yorkist support. The Lord Lieutenant there, the Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel as King Edward VI.
36
how did margaret of burgundy support the simnel rebellion?
The pretender to the throne received support from the Duchess of Burgundy – the daughter of Edward IV. She sent a force of 2000 German soldiers/mercenaries to Ireland commanded by Martin Schwarz – a talented military leader.
37
what happened in may 1487
he was crowned as king in dublin
38
where did the earl of lincoln flee?
allied to the cause and fled via Flanders to Ireland also in May 1487, he was a senior nobleman and had to be dealt with
39
which rebel did henry pardon?
Thomas Broughton.
40
what happened on the 4th june 1487?
Lincoln and his army landed at Furness in Lancashire. He marched across the Pennines and then south.
41
did lincoln receive as much support as he anticipated?
Lincoln did not receive as much support as he had anticipated. The locals were suspicious of the Irish soldiers who accompanied Lincoln and did not rally to his cause. They were equally as concerned about another civil war starting with all the dislocation to life that would have caused
42
what happened on 16th june 1487?
the battle of stoke
42
how big were each army at the battle of stoke?
Lincoln’s army stood at 8,000 while Henry could call on 12,000 men. The battle lasted for three hours.
43
who initially held the upper hand at stoke, how did it differ?
In the initial stages Lincoln’s force held the upper hand as the German soldiers who were with Schwarz proved effective. However, the king’s army held firm and at the end Lincoln, Schwarz, Broughton (who had not accepted his pardon) and the leader of the Irish, Thomas Geraldine, were killed. Over half of Lincoln’s force was killed.
44
what happened to richard symonds?
Richard Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishop’s prison.
45
what happened to lambert simnel?
Simnel was given a position in the king’s kitchen as Henry recognised that he was not the cause of the invasion but a mere pawn in a very dangerous game. Simnel was later given the post of king’s falconer in recognition of how well he had worked
46
what happened to nobles who had supported simnel?
not as generously treated. Twenty eight of them were attainted and had their estates confiscated. This served a dual purpose. It sent a clear message that anyone who betrayed the king would be severely dealt with. It also enhanced Henry’s wealth as all attainted land and estates became the property of the king.
47
how did henry prepare for the simnel rebellion?
Gave the Earl of Northumberland control of the North; reinforced coastal defences in the South-East
48
why did the yorkists not get involved?
They wanted to wait to see who would win and they were still war weary from the wars of the Roses
49
why did henry want to avoid open battle?
Could die; rely only on luck; could be double-crossed
50
was the simnel rebellion a serious threat?
with the benefit of hindsight, but many historians see the battle of stoke as a second bosworth, showing how weak his position was
51
what does a personal monarch mean?
The power and influence of a person relies on their relationship with the monarch
52
how many men were recorded to have attended council
227
53
what were the three main functions of the council?
Advise the King; run the country; make legal judgements
54
what year did the yorkshire rebellion take place?
1489
55
what was the key cause of the yorkshire rebellion?
Escalating to a popular uprising was certainly not an overnight event. The Yorkshire Rebellion had its roots embedded amidst the taxation policies and overall dissatisfaction with the ruling monarch.
Indeed, the origins of the Yorkshire Rebellion can be traced back to Henry VII imposing a tax in order to fund the war against France. This deeply unpopular move led to mounting socio-economic tensions, primarily within the Northern region of England.
56
why did yorkshire believe they shouldnt pay tax?
they had protected england from scotland and other border countries didnt have to
57
why the did yorkshire rebellion begin?
The Yorkshire Rebellion begins. The taxpayers refuse to pay the Great Tax.
58
which noble was killed by the rebels for passing the message?
28 April 1489: The Earl of Northumberland is assassinated by rebels.
59
why did henry impose the great tax?
the Great Tax of January 1489, imposed by Henry VII to fund the anticipated war with France, was a fundamental catalyst for the Yorkshire Rebellion. This was one of the ways the monarch’s enforcement mechanisms inadvertently drove the uprising.
60
what was henrys initial response to the rebellion?
Henry's initial response to the rebellion comprised of indirect communication. He did not personally venture to Yorkshire and instead sent the Earl of Northumberland to resolve the issue and collect the taxes. Unfortunately, the magnate was assassinated by the rebels, which was a shocking setback for Henry VII.
61
did henry use the army?
After this incident, Henry VII turned to military action. He deployed a royal army to suppress the rebellion in May 1489, which effectively led to the end of the uprising.
62
what was the impact of the yorkshire rebellion on henry viis reign?
shows that he could not rely on people to enforce tax. but the Yorkshire Rebellion provided a stark reality check about the dissent brewing within the kingdom. The fallout from this event led to stricter enforcement of tax policies by the crown. This had, in turn, its own repercussions—spanning discontent, further insurrections and the eventual political and social transformation of Tudor England.
63
what was the immediate consequence of the rebellion?
Once the rebellion was extinguished, Henry VII resorted to a stricter enforcement policy, giving rise to autocratic rule.
The Henry VII freeze on the planned war with France due to the rebellion further strained Anglo-French relations and led to the Treaty of Redon.
64
what was the treaty of redon?
the Treaty of Redon, signed in February 1489, was a strategic political agreement between Henry VII of England and Anne of Brittany where Henry promised military support to Brittany against French aggression.
65
what year was the cornish rebellion?
1497
66
what was the immediate cause of the rebellion?
tax, King Henry VII imposed it to fund a campaign to fend off the Scottish who were supporting a contender for the English throne.
67
what other factors contributed to the cornish rebellion?
Complaints about the heavy taxes were rife. While some could barely make ends meet, others were becoming increasingly disillusioned at the prospect of war.
68
who were three key leaders of the rebellion?
Michael An Gof: A local blacksmith who became a leader of the rebellion.
Thomas Flamank: A landowner from Bodmin who was instrumental in organizing the rebellion.
James Touchet: The Lord Audley who joined the rebellion and subsequently became its leader.
69
who was he only notable noble to join the cornish rebellion?
lord audley, who was also impoverished
70
give a timeline of the cornish rebellion?
Spring 1497 Taxation announced, stoking the initial discontent amongst Cornish population
June 1497 Rebels reach London, having garnered considerable support en route
17 June 1497 Battle of Deptford Bridge, the rebellion’s decisive encounter, takes place
27 June 1497 Leaders of the rebellion executed
71
how did henry respond to the cornish rebellion?
aware of the potentially damaging rebellion in Cornwall, he mobilised his forces. Despite being initially outnumbered, the royal forces, expertly led by Giles Daubeney, the Lord Chamberlain, were successful in quelling the rebellion at the Battle of Deptford Bridge.
72
how did henry negotiate with james iv of scotland to quash the rebellion?
An example of Henry VII's diplomatic acumen was his negotiation with James IV of Scotland. By promising to marry his daughter Margaret to James IV, he strategically drew Scotland away from supporting the rebels, leaving the Cornish Rebellion largely isolated.
73
what was the immediate impact of the cornish rebellion?
ax Reforms: One of the immediate impacts of the Cornish Rebellion was a review of the taxation system. The king now became more cautious in levying taxes, ensuring they did not unduly burden his subjects and incite dissatisfaction.
Systemic Changes: In response to the rebellion, Henry VII implemented systemic reforms that strengthened central royal authority. This led to a more modern, systematised style of administration and government.
74
did the cornish rebellion make henry change?
On a personal level, the rebellion had a profound impact on Henry VII. It made him decidedly more cautious and somewhat paranoid about potential threats to his throne. This can be seen in the increasingly rigorous control he exercised over his nobility, a trait that would be inherited by his successors.
75
what was the long term impact of the cornish rebellion?
Tax Policy Changes: Provoked by the rebellion, Henry VII opted for a more cautious and considered approach to taxation, thus avoiding the risk of stoking the discontent that had led to the rebellion in the first place.
Administrative Reforms: The rebellion spurred the introduction of mechanisms to establish a more robust governance system. This resulted in the king appointing administrators loyal to the crown across different regions, helping to draw more power towards the monarchy.
76
who was perkin warbeck?
The rebellion was one of two impostures that Henry VII faced. A cloth merchant’s apprentice, Perkin Warbeck, styled himself as Richard, Duke of York, claiming to be the rightful heir to the throne. He gained a large amount of support, and this rebellion became a considerable threat to Henry VII.
Warbeck was born in Tournai, Flanders in present-day Belgium.
77
who did warbeck originally suggest he was?
Edward, Earl of Warwick.
78
who did warbeck then claim to be?
Instead, Warbeck chose to claim that he was Richard, Duke of York. This was probably because of Lambert Simnel’s imposture. Simnel had claimed to be the Earl of Warwick, who was later shown to be alive. Simnel’s rebellion failed, so Warbeck felt he could not use that alias.
79
where did warbeck flee after a failed invasion in ireland?
Warbeck fled to Scotland where he was welcomed by King James IV. He then tried to invade England from the North using a Scottish force, but that too was unsuccessful.
80
where did warbeck travel to in 1492?
Warbeck travelled to France and was received by King Charles VIII. Yorkist sympathisers travelled to Paris to give their support to Warbeck.
81
how did margaret of burgundy support warbeck?
Warbeck was received by Margaret of Burgundy, Edward IV and Richard III's sister, who claimed Warbeck as her nephew and trained him to be a prince.
82
what happened on the 3rd november 1492?
the treaty of etaples
83
what was the treaty of etaples?
This peace treaty between England and France was negotiated by Richard Foxe. It provided for a peace which would last until one year after the death of the King that lived longest. Each King agreed not to give assistance to the other’s enemies. All English property in France, apart from Calais, was to be returned to France. Henry VII would be paid an annual pension from France.
84
what was the treaty of medina del capmo
It settled the details of a proposed marriage between the infanta Catherine, the youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Arthur (d. 1502), the eldest son of the English king Henry VII. It also effected a mutual reduction of tariffs between the two countries and attempted to arrive at a common policy in opposition to France.
85
where did henry have to give up showing his weak position?
most of calais
86
how did henry respond to margaret of burgundy?
suspended trade with burgundy
87
who recognised warbeck as king richard?
Maximilian I, the holy roman emperor - gained significant international influence
88
who supported warbeck from henrys household?
Sir william stanley
89
where did warbeck land on 3 july 1495?
Warbeck landed at Deal, Kent with an invasion force, but it was a complete failure.
90
how did james iv support warbeck?
Warbeck sailed to Scotland where King James IV welcomed him, agreed to support him and give him a pension of around £1200 a year.
1496
James IV married Warbeck to his cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon.
91
what happened in september 1496?
James IV and Warbeck crossed the border into England with a small army. The invasion was highly unsuccessful and they returned to Scotland.
92
what was the treaty of ayton?
a truce between scotland and england. James IV expelled Warbeck from Scotland
93
did warbeck use the cornish rebellion to support him?
Perkin Warbeck landed in Cornwall and attempted to take advantage of the unrest there. He laid siege to Exeter using a peasant force but was pushed back.
94
when was warbeck captured?
5 October 1497
95
when did warbeck try to escape the tower of london?
June 1498
After attempting to escape, Warbeck was recaptured and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
96
what was margaret of burgundy forced to do?
1499
Margaret of Burgundy sent an official apology to Henry VII for her support of Perkin Warbeck.
97
when was warbeck executed?
29 november 1499
98
what was the cause of the warbeck rebellion?
Its purpose was to overthrow Henry VII.
99
which key powerful supporters supported warbeck?
james iv
margaret duchess of burgundy
charles viii of france
maximilian i
100
who was the treaty of etaples truce with?
He ended up withdrawing his support when England and France signed the Treaty of Etaples in 1492 which guaranteed peace between the two countries and a withdrawal of French support for Warbeck’s cause.
101
what foreign support was shown to warbeck?
Scotland was a threat because it bordered England, and was very convenient as a location from which to invade.
Burgundy was small and far from England. However, Margaret of Burgundy had the money and influence to support the rebellion. She had paid for troops during the Simnel Rebellion of 1487. In addition, Maximilian I was her nephew.
France and the Holy Roman Empire were much more powerful than England. It was unlikely that England would be able to withstand an attack from one or both of these nations.
102
did warbeck gain much support in england?
Warbeck’s rebellion ultimately failed because it could not gain much support in England itself. When Warbeck landed at Deal, Kent in 1495, he expected the people to rise up and join him. However, they did no such thing and the invasion was a failure.
Even when he invaded the North of England, the Yorkist heartland, with the help of James IV, the people did not support him.
103
what were the terms of the truce of ayton?
Peace between England and Scotland.
Peace between England and Scotland.
Marriage to Princess Margaret.
Marriage of James IV to Princess Margaret (Henry’s daughter).
End of Scottish support for Perkin Warbeck.
104
why was the truce of ayton significant?
The Truce was significant because no such agreement had been made between England and Scotland since 1328.
It did not come into full effect until after the execution of Perkin Warbeck in 1499.
The marriage of James IV and Margaret Tudor was ratified as part of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1502.
Overall, this was another great success for Henry VII!
105
why did the cornish rebellion feel angry about the tax?
The people of Cornwall rebelled because they did not think it was fair that they were paying for a war that was happening in the north of England.
106
who was warbeck accused of conspiring with?
In 1499, Perkin Warbeck was accused of conspiring with the Earl of Warwick to escape the Tower and overthrow Henry VII and sentenced to death. It is unclear whether this actually happened. A more likely scenario is that Henry realised that he would not be safe until Warbeck was dead.
107
why did henry have to execute warbeck?
In addition, Ferdinand of Aragon had complained to Henry that there were too many pretenders still alive in England. Henry VII was desperate to secure a match between his son and heir, Prince Arthur, and Ferdinand’s daughter Catherine of Aragon, so it is likely this was a major reason why he eventually executed Perkin Warbeck.
108
what was the problem with warbecks rebellion?
it lasted over 8 years showing a very real threat and he was able to gain diplomatic influence, showing how henrys position was still not secure despite being on the throne for 14 years.
