Warfare through time Flashcards
What were the changes of the flintlock musket?
- Had a hammer to light the musket so there was no worry that the match would go out and there was was of a hazard around gunpowder stores.
- No burning matchcord so the musket was more reliable while fighting in poor weather.
- There was no longer an exposed burning match so you wouldn’t get caught trying to ambush an enemy.
- The matchcord no longer needed to be threaded through the serpentine to it reloaded twice as fast.
What were 2 changes in tactics? Who made them?
Swedish Slavo- There were 3 ranks where the 3rd rank was standing and firing and by the first rank they were kneeling and after all ranks fired they retreated to the musketeers behind them and allowed 3 ranks to fire simultaneously. Made by King Gustav Adolf of Sweden (change by government and individuals).
Dutch Counter-march- There were multiple ranks of men and after the first rank fired they ran around the right side of the troops to reload at the back while the next rank fired. Prince Maurice of Nassau (change by government and individuals).
What was the method of recruitment at the start of the EMP and who brought about the change and why?
Militia System- All men 16-60 served in defence and provided their own weapons and were inspected at general musters.
Henry VII- Rich noble could over power the king with a large army of mercenaries so he made the militia system and printed drill books so troops around the country could be trained.
The change of Trained Bands.
1572- A proportions of men from each county trained once a month during the summer. Muskets didn’t need a lot of training and militia didn’t give well-trained soldiers.
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1583-91- Muster Masters sent to train trained bands due to the threat of Spanish invasion.
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1590s- Most counties got rid of Muster Masters due to people not like being trained by lower class men so MM were nominated which worsened training (change due to social attitudes).
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Trained Bands collapsed in effectiveness shown by failure in the ‘Bishop Wars’. Soldiers mutinied and deserted, 200/5000 men could fire a musket.
What changes were made in the NMA?
Self denying ordinance- Political leaders couldn’t be military leaders.
Cavalry discipline- Cromwell regrouped his cavalry after an attack to attack the next foe.
Pay- Soldiers were paid regularly and generously. So desertification was less common, helped reinforce discipline and kept moral high.
Uniform service- Everyone served under the same terms and were obliged to do what parliament commanded and soldiers couldn’t refuse to serve outside their county.
Look in book for standing army Naseby and civilians.
How did strategy and composition armies change 1700-1850?
- 2 lines fired at the same time.
- 15% of army was cavalry.
- 5% was artillery.
- Cannon could fire up to 500m.
- In Napoleonic wars Britain blockaded France to prevent trade.
How did technology change from 1850-1900?
- Rifling had grooves in guns.
- Recoiling meant cannons stayed in position allow faster fire rate.
- Breech-loaded cannon could fire 10 rounds a minute.
- First railway in 1830 was Liverpool to Manchester.
- This meant soldiers travelled 15x faster and 250 tonnes a day.
How did weapons change 1700-1900?
- Enfield rifle accurate up to 500m opposed to 100m brown bess.
- Minié bullets were put in the enfield rifle.
- Breech loading 4x faster than muzzle.
- 1888 Lee-Metford rifles accurate up to 1500m.
- Cannon was made of steel, recoiled, breech loaded, better range, smokeless, rifled and used percussion shells.
How did individuals drive change 1700-1900?
Maxim- Maxim gun 1884 and fired 500 bullets.
Nobel- Smokeless powder.
Bessemer- £7 a tonne for steel.
How did recruitment change 1700-1900?
Under the influence
Kidnap
Militia
Prisons
Purchase system
Reporting 1700-1900.
Boer: 300 correspondents reported what took place, daily mail 500,000 copies a day, public raised money, was patriotic.
Crimean- 1800-54 5,000-40,000 copies sold start vs end, Russell was the first reporter, Fenton had pictures put in exhibit, political leaders pressured.
How were armies recruited 1250-1500?
Feudal troops- Knights had to serve 40 days a year and this system was destroyed by the black plague.
Assize of Arms- People had to serve for 40 days a year but they weren’t trained at all.
Indenture System- Paid with scutage and supplied units of men 10-100 and 2 shillings a day for mounted knights and 1 for men-at-arms.
What were weapons like 1250-1500?
Longbow- Range of +350m, 8-12 arrows per minute and 45kg to pull back. Battle of Poitier’s 60,000 arrows in 1m.
Crossbows- 2 bolts a minute and
penetrated plate armour.
Cannon- Slow, expensive and unreliable.
Tactics 1250-1500?
Schiltrons- Up to 2,000 tightly packed pike-men.
Foot soldiers flanked by archers and approaching soldiers would be bombarded by arrows.
Impact of 100 years war on civilians?
Raids- Grand chevauchee to cripple french morale and undermine faith in the king.
Sieges- Rouen killed 10,000-50,000.
Raids- Kidnapped civilians and held them to ransom. Bergerae 168 were help captive.
Requisitioning- Purveyance( a wooden ‘tally’) was used to pay back the civilians who gave land and food and were unpopular as it didn’t always get paid back.
What were the advantages and disadvantage of the matchlock musket?
Advantage:
- Easily penetrate plate armour up to 100m.
- Only took 2 weeks to learn vs years for a longbow.
- Wounds were more debilitating.
Disadvantage:
- Hard to keep cord lit when raining.
- Long time to reload and inaccurate.
- The barrel didn’t always ignite leading to a ‘flash in the pan’.
Socket Bayonet:
- On the outside of the barrel.
- Used first in 1690s
