War Conflict And Violence Flashcards
Who wrote Can we move beyond conflicts
Bleiker and Shim
6 grands points de bleiker and shim
In can we move beyond conflicts:
-intractable conficts: result of political manipulation
-peace more than abs of war
-can be resolved
-generalized solution not effective so need to understand the context
-need of balance btwn justice and forgiveness
-2approaches: engagement and confrontation
What are the two approches to end an intractable conflict
Engagement: diplomacy and dialogue: ex 2000 and 2007, diplomatic submit btwn N and S Korea;
-humanitarian and economic aid: ex to improve living conditions in N Korea and reduing country’s isolation
-cultural and social exchanges: family reunions, joint participation in the 2008 Winter Olympic games
-》also need a bit of confrontation bcs engagement alone can not work even if it is the more propice to long terme peace
confrontation: To isolate the opposition side
-economic sanctions: ex NK economic sanction on goods that help military and nuclear programm
-military threat: US alliances with Japan, SK… and military presence
-political pressure: int diplomacy ex Bush: described SK as “rogue”, “evil”
Engagement approach
-diplomacy and dialogue: ex 2000 and 2007, diplomatic submit btwn N and S Korea;
-humanitarian and economic aid: ex to improve living conditions in N Korea and reduing country’s isolation
-cultural and social exchanges: family reunions, joint participation in the 2008 Winter Olympic games
-》also need a bit of confrontation bcs engagement alone can not work even if it is the more propice to long terme peace
Benefits: long terme peace, exposing authoritarian authorities to change with new ideas ( int norms…), reducing hostilities
Limits:
-manipulation ( ex NK resume its nuclear program although committment not to do so: gain of time to do you own plan)
- long and uncertain process
-moral dilemma ( engaging with a regime that do not respect HR)
Confrontation
To isolate the opposition side
-economic sanctions: ex NK economic sanction on goods that help military and nuclear programm
-military threat: US alliances with Japan, SK… and military presence
-political pressure: int diplomacy ex Bush: described SK as “rogue”, “evil”
Limits: ineffectiveness ( conflict not solved yet), risk of escalation ( military response of NK dangerouse bcs Séoul is near), strenthening the regime ( sanction can rely domestication support against sanctions…)
Approach of Hannah Arendt on link btwn politics and violence
Political power and violence are opposit :
- if violence then breakdown of political order
-Power: political process, collective actions, agreements
-violence: when political power is under threat
Who wrote why does politics turn into violence
Joanna Bourke
Joanna Bourke explain link btwn politics and violence
- wilingness to kill
- changing nature of killing: new technologies+ target civilians-》 soldiers are far from the violence they impose
- violence embedded in cultural practices
-human nature or political neccesity justification
-language and memory: euphemism, jargon, racist language + collective memory omit war/ mass Killing to construct more palatable historical narratives
War and armed conflicts in 2023
-Major conflicts: Israël Myanmar Ukraine Sudan
-high intensity: 1000 to 9 900 dead related ( Mexico, Bresil, India, magrheb)
-law intensity: 25 to 1 000 dead related ( Russia, South-east Asia, Madagascar)
Types of war from 1946 to 2023
-non international intrastate
-internationalized intrastate
-interstate
-extrasystemic ( ex colonial war: don’t exist anymore)
One sided, state-based conflict
World military expenditure
- drop after CW
-intense rise from 2000 til 2016 ( economic crisis)
-US then Asia and oceania sp China then Europe then Africa
Pics of violence
94: génocide Rwanda
2022: Ethiopia and Ukraine
Def of conflict according to Ramsbotham
“Circumstances in which conflict parties percieve that they have mutually incompatible goals “
Violence by Johan Galtung
-narrow: direct, interpersonnal, physical injuries ex genocide
-broad: indirect, Structural ex Master and slave
Def war Hedley Bull
” organised violence carrière out by political unité against each other”
Classic war ( Eu, 18th, prof armies uniform declartion of war…), total war ( mobilisation of every ressources ex Nap), new war ( after CW in a contexte of collapsed state)
