States And People In Global Politics Flashcards
History of HR 5
. 1899 and 1997: Hague Conventions on laws of war
. 1926: slavery Convention on suppression of slavery and slave trade
. 1948: universal déclaration on HR
. 1949: geneva Convention on rights of wartime prisonners and non combattants
. 1953: European court of HR
. Further treaties ( 9 convenants: women, racial discrimination…)
How to protect HR
A. Monitoring bodies (9 committies)
B. Int court ICJ and ICC, EU court of HR, Af court of Human and People right…
C. UN actions on HR ( interventions such as Rwanda before genocide…)
3 générations of HR
A. Civil and political rights: (“négative rights”=”freedom from” state interference) freedom of speech, votes ex Magna Carta, 1966 ICCPR
B. Economic, social and cultural rights: (“positive rights”=”freedom to” do things so gov intervention to provide the pop with as much opportunities as possible): equality, social aid, fraternity
Ex: 1966 ICESCR
C. Solidarity Rights: collective rights, right to self-determination …
Critics to HR
A. difficult enfoncement bcs inflation of HR so decrease of the value of each
B. Marxist critic: HR under capitalism although the sys is exploitative + still class privileges
C. Cultural critic: western-centrist basis ( not everyone has the same idea of justice) + imposed
D. Historical hypocrisy and smokescreen ( ex Irack)
E. Écological critic: focus on HR but no environnemental rights
Migration def UNESCO
Process of moving, across an international border or within a State
Migrant def UNESCO
A person undergoing a (semi) permanent change of residence
Int migrant def UNESCO
Any perso who has change his/her country of residence
Refugee def
A person outside his country of origin who cannot return to his country bcs of fear of persecution, threats of life…
Asylum seeker def
Smne who seek for int protection outside his territory
Def IDP : internally deplaced person
People who leave their home without crossing ant international-recognised border
Diff emigration and immigration
Imm: the fact to install in another country
Em: the fact to leave your origin country
Who are “ people on the move”
Refugee, asylum seeker, migrant with irregular status ( no id papers), IDP, stateless person ( pers who is not considered as a National by any states under the opération of its law)
History of Migration
. Migration is as old as human existence : nomads until they became sedentary around 9.000 BC
. Regularly in Persian, Roman and Mongol Empires
. Eu colonial empires caused a lot of Migration including slavery
. Nowadays sources are manifold: tourism, travel, education, employement… ( often focus on forced Migration but it is not the majority of Migration today)
Key number migration
2019: 281 million migrants : 3.6% pop
What is the paradox of migration
Contradictory narratives
. Mig positively contribute to their destination countries or communities
. Yet often frames as security threat
. Mig are Lazy they don’t work
. They “ still ours jobs”
.use ours social welfare…
Risks of Migration
. 48 423 death recorded during mig btwn 2014 and 2022
Including
. 24 000 from Africa to Europe ( the most)
. 7000 in northern africa
. 3000 in northern america
Borders and citizenship
Borders:
. More easier and difficult to cross today
. Legal and physical phenomena ( ex “forteress europe”)
Citizenship:
. Relationship btwn a state and the people belonging and contributing to it
. Matter of inclusion and exclusion
Mig challenges how borders and citizenship work
Who wrote who has rights ?
Shani
What did Shani wrote
Who has rights?
Who wrote why is peoplés mouvement restricted
Rouanne Lynn doty
What did Roxanne Lynn Doty wrote
Why is people ́s movement restricted
How does the idea of HR help to define what it is to be human according to Shani + critics
HR tied to the idea of human dignity ans recognition indiv as moral and legal subjects
HR help to affirm the intrinsict worth of every individual, transcending boundaries ans cultural differences
…affirming dignity, autonomy, equality but must be apply equitabily to truelly serve humanity not only privileged or powerfull
BUT UNIVERAL HR historically:
. Enforced and created in ways that reflect values and interests of powerfull states
. Marginalise minority ( like indigenous people) until the 20th
. Critic of the western-centric view: often values emerged from the enlightenment thoughts and may not align with non-western traditions and culture
. HR developped alongside colonialism and slavery
How does pur understanding of identity matter for how we think about migration according to Roxanne Lynn Doty +”solution”
. Identity shapes perceptions and policies around mig, so our understanding of it influences how we percieve it ( like V. Pin-Fat)
.. National id: migrants seen as a threat bcs not same cultural, linguistic traits
Lead to stricter immigration control
..othering: mig are outsiders, incompatible with society
Deshumanizes mig + justify restrictive policies
..global inequality and id: poorer country’s people are more restricted bcs their acts seems less legitimate
Shape how policies are
SOLUTION: take the expériences and perspectives of mig as our starting points
