War and REVOLUTION Flashcards
WAAARRRR
when was the crimean war?
1853-1856
crimean war 1853-1856
- ottoman empire in decline
- russia threatened turkey over access to holy lands
- in response, britain and france invade the crimea
-russia had old weapons - Alexander II signed the treaty of paris to end the war
what strengths and weaknesses did the crimean war show in russia 1853-1856?
- strong naval artillery
-enemy stronger due to superior industrialisation, telegrams, railways, steam ships
-army of 700,000 could not repel enemy
-500,000 losses
Impact of the crimean war
- international humilliation
- modernisation: serfdom, education, local government
-changing perceptions in russia- Britain’s military success against napoleon and in crimea
when did Alexander II sign the treaty of paris and what did it do
1856, ended crimean war
-black sea demilitarised:
- forced to destroy it’s black sea fleet fort at sevastapol
-lost influence in romania and serbia
- gave up a chunk of it’s southern empire
When was the Russo- Turkish War
+ explain it in a nutshell
1877-1878
breakdown of ottoman empire saw russia declare war in defence of slavic states it ruled
peace treaties gave russia land but it lost significant gains when austria-hungary and britain also got concessions
What were the two treaties of the Russo- Turkish war?
Treaty of San Stefano
Treaty of Berlin 1878- severely restricted russia’s political and military gains
When was the Russo- Japanese war + explain it in a nutshell
1904-1905
Nicholas II wanted eastward expansion in korea, an ice- free port in china and a patriotic war. He underestimated japan’s strength + modern advancement, was easily pushed back.
who was the crimean war fought between 1853-6
Russia and the Ottoman Turks with the latter supported by france and britain
What did slavophiles argue after the crimean war?
Questioned how great russia really was
Many argued russia’s status as a world power was damaged
Casualties of the crimean war 1853-6
- heavier casualties than any other europen war in the century
- Russia: 500,000
- this made up most of the war’s casualties
russia lost more than France, Britain and Turkey comnined
What was the cause of most deaths during the crimean war? What was the ratio of those who lsot their lives in battle?
One in five lost their lives in battle
most died of disease
What did the harsh terms of the treaty of paris (1856) show?
how fearful other european powers were of the great russian bear
military weaknesses revealed could be remedied
How did the crimean war lead to the reform of local government?
emancipation of serfs led to reduced role of nobility
Zemstva filled the gap and was significant as members must now be elected
how were the (mostly peasant) military treated during the crimean war?
What did the writer Leo Tolosty describe the army as?
punishments such as “running of the gauntlet” where they were beaten with wooden clubs
Poor accomodation spread disease- around 1 million died of poor health from 1833-1855
Lack of decent clothing or equipment
“we have no army, we have a horde of slaves” - Leo Tolosty, writer
What were the Milyutin reforms following the crimean war from 1862-1874?
Dimitri Millyutin, war minister, oversaw military reforms.
- reduced service in the army to 15 years
- modernised training + instructed officers
resulted in a much more professional army
Which of AII’s reforms are difficult to link to the crimean war?
education and church
Which economic development was stimulated by the crimean war?
expansion of railway system
using foreign loans
built nearly 20,000 km of track
many in russia saw the russo turkish war as a way to uphold..
a common bond with their slavic brothers against an imperialistic empire
what part of the russo turkish was was humilliating for AII
Submitting to nations such as austro-hungary and britain due to the berlin treaty. Where western powers limited their gains
what year did japan attack the russian fleet in port arthur
1904
at the time of the russo- japanese war, when had the latest reforms in the russian military taken place
50 years prior
How did nicholas II’s propaganda present japanese
inferior race that was no match for europeans
Victory for russians an easy task
after the russo japanese war, where was public anger directed
the tsar himself
what reforms did NII implement to placate liberal elites following the russo japanese war
- offered them representation in the duma, through oct. manifesto
- improving rail network and making russia more connected.
Once it was clear he had survived the revolution nicholas..
reverted back to status quo. this can be seen in the fundamental laws of 1906
was the majority of Nicholas II’s military loyal during the 1905 revolution
yes
Which treaty ended the russo japanese war
treaty of pourtsmouth - russia didnt lose land but it lost access to the warm water port arthur.
in which war before 1917 did the tsar assume command
WW1 - nicholas II assumed command
which was the only war thatr affected all aspects of russia - gov, economy, social structure
first world war
How did WW1 affect the russian economy
Inflation was rampant as defeats mounted
Taxation increased to try and combat inflation
Government had relied too heavily on foreign assistance. The economy could not function without foreign economic aid
How did WW1 affect the home front
The tsarina and rasputin were doing nothing to help the country.
Food rotted in railways instead of stocking shops.
There was a loss of public faith in russia’s ability to win
the crimean war was fought between russia and .. who?
the ottoman turks, who were supported by france and britain
