War and REVOLUTION

Question 1

when was the crimean war?

Answer 1

1853-1856

Question 2

crimean war 1853-1856

Answer 2

• ottoman empire in decline
• russia threatened turkey over access to holy lands
• in response, britain and france invade the crimea
  -russia had old weapons
• Alexander II signed the treaty of paris to end the war

Question 3

what strengths and weaknesses did the crimean war show in russia 1853-1856?

Answer 3

• strong naval artillery

-enemy stronger due to superior industrialisation, telegrams, railways, steam ships
-army of 700,000 could not repel enemy
-500,000 losses

Question 4

Impact of the crimean war

Answer 4

• international humilliation
• modernisation: serfdom, education, local government
  -changing perceptions in russia- Britain’s military success against napoleon and in crimea

Question 5

when did Alexander II sign the treaty of paris and what did it do

Answer 5

1856, ended crimean war
-black sea demilitarised:
- forced to destroy it’s black sea fleet fort at sevastapol
-lost influence in romania and serbia
- gave up a chunk of it’s southern empire

Question 6

When was the Russo- Turkish War
+ explain it in a nutshell

Answer 6

1877-1878
breakdown of ottoman empire saw russia declare war in defence of slavic states it ruled
peace treaties gave russia land but it lost significant gains when austria-hungary and britain also got concessions

Question 7

What were the two treaties of the Russo- Turkish war?

Answer 7

Treaty of San Stefano

Treaty of Berlin 1878- severely restricted russia’s political and military gains

Question 8

When was the Russo- Japanese war + explain it in a nutshell

Answer 8

1904-1905
Nicholas II wanted eastward expansion in korea, an ice- free port in china and a patriotic war. He underestimated japan’s strength + modern advancement, was easily pushed back.

Question 9

who was the crimean war fought between 1853-6

Answer 9

Russia and the Ottoman Turks with the latter supported by france and britain

Question 10

What did slavophiles argue after the crimean war?

Answer 10

Questioned how great russia really was

Many argued russia’s status as a world power was damaged

Question 11

Casualties of the crimean war 1853-6

Answer 11

• heavier casualties than any other europen war in the century
• Russia: 500,000
• this made up most of the war’s casualties
  russia lost more than France, Britain and Turkey comnined

Question 12

What was the cause of most deaths during the crimean war? What was the ratio of those who lsot their lives in battle?

Answer 12

One in five lost their lives in battle

most died of disease

Question 13

What did the harsh terms of the treaty of paris (1856) show?

Answer 13

how fearful other european powers were of the great russian bear

military weaknesses revealed could be remedied

Question 14

How did the crimean war lead to the reform of local government?

Answer 14

emancipation of serfs led to reduced role of nobility

Zemstva filled the gap and was significant as members must now be elected

Question 15

how were the (mostly peasant) military treated during the crimean war?

What did the writer Leo Tolosty describe the army as?

Answer 15

punishments such as “running of the gauntlet” where they were beaten with wooden clubs

Poor accomodation spread disease- around 1 million died of poor health from 1833-1855

Lack of decent clothing or equipment

“we have no army, we have a horde of slaves” - Leo Tolosty, writer

Question 16

What were the Milyutin reforms following the crimean war from 1862-1874?

Answer 16

Dimitri Millyutin, war minister, oversaw military reforms.
- reduced service in the army to 15 years
- modernised training + instructed officers

resulted in a much more professional army

Question 17

Which of AII’s reforms are difficult to link to the crimean war?

Answer 17

education and church

Question 18

Which economic development was stimulated by the crimean war?

Answer 18

expansion of railway system

using foreign loans

built nearly 20,000 km of track

Question 19

many in russia saw the russo turkish war as a way to uphold..

Answer 19

a common bond with their slavic brothers against an imperialistic empire

Question 20

what part of the russo turkish was was humilliating for AII

Answer 20

Submitting to nations such as austro-hungary and britain due to the berlin treaty. Where western powers limited their gains

Question 21

what year did japan attack the russian fleet in port arthur

Answer 21

1904

Question 22

at the time of the russo- japanese war, when had the latest reforms in the russian military taken place

Answer 22

50 years prior

Question 23

How did nicholas II’s propaganda present japanese

Answer 23

inferior race that was no match for europeans
Victory for russians an easy task

Question 24

after the russo japanese war, where was public anger directed

Answer 24

the tsar himself

Question 25

what reforms did NII implement to placate liberal elites following the russo japanese war

Answer 25

• offered them representation in the duma, through oct. manifesto
• improving rail network and making russia more connected.

Question 26

Once it was clear he had survived the revolution nicholas..

Answer 26

reverted back to status quo. this can be seen in the fundamental laws of 1906

Question 27

was the majority of Nicholas II’s military loyal during the 1905 revolution

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

Which treaty ended the russo japanese war

Answer 28

treaty of pourtsmouth - russia didnt lose land but it lost access to the warm water port arthur.

Question 29

in which war before 1917 did the tsar assume command

Answer 29

WW1 - nicholas II assumed command

Question 30

which was the only war thatr affected all aspects of russia - gov, economy, social structure

Answer 30

first world war

Question 31

How did WW1 affect the russian economy

Answer 31

Inflation was rampant as defeats mounted
Taxation increased to try and combat inflation
Government had relied too heavily on foreign assistance. The economy could not function without foreign economic aid

Question 32

How did WW1 affect the home front

Answer 32

The tsarina and rasputin were doing nothing to help the country.
Food rotted in railways instead of stocking shops.
There was a loss of public faith in russia’s ability to win

Question 33

the crimean war was fought between russia and .. who?

Answer 33

the ottoman turks, who were supported by france and britain