Economy and Societry Flashcards
When was mikhail reutern minister of finance
1862-1878 under AII
how much did railways increase under reutern
seven fold
what were many european countries facing in the mid 1870s
economic issues. contrasting with russia’s own econimic growth
what did reutern decide to prioritise
heavier goods/ break bulk.
why did reutern carefully control imports
to avoid stagnation in russian manufacturing. this allowed net exports to rise in the 1870s .
what was introduced to workers under Alexander II
new work discipline
why was the serf mentality an issue and what helped with this
it got in the way of change, was not suited to factory work.
The new work discipline helped
Under Reutern,
name 3 economic incentives offered by russia to increase foreign investment
- monopolies permitted for the production of some goods
- government issued bonds
- exemptions offered to individuals/ buisnesses who helped fun the gov schemes + projects
why did russia need to consider both industry and agriculture at the same time
a country cant industrialise effectively if it:
-experiences poor harvests
- has a poorly developed agricultural policy.
which administrative body was put in charge of lang allotted to peasants after 1861
mir
why were the mir a barrier to advancing agriculture / the lives of peasants
maintaining the mir was a way for the state to keep control over the peasantry
why was agriculture slow to develop under AII
- descisions made by mir
- education of peasants failed to keep up
- lack of clarity around changing farming techniques and tools
- peasants reluctant to change their traditional farming methods
for how long did serfs have to pay redemption payments
40 years
why did redemption payments place peasants in a difficult situation
most of the grain had to be sold immedietaly to pay off their debts
leaving them with very little to survive on
Who was minister for the economy from 1881-1886 (first 5 years of AIII’s reign)
Nikolay Bunge
how did many people view nikolay bunge
Liberal reformer
What 3 changes did Nikolay bunge make to taxation
- Taxes on salt abolsidhed
- Taxes reduced on Tobacco
- Poll tax abolished in 1886
when was poll tax abolished under what minister
1886 under nikolay bunge
which two economic areas did nikolay bunge link
industry and agriculture
when was the peasant land bank established
1882
how were the peasant land bank (1882) and abolition of poll tax (1886) supposed to work together
to reduce the issues with the emancipation of the serfs (1861)
what did nikolay bunge introduce from 1883-1886
measures to improve the conditions of urban workers .
including factory inspections.
who did alexander III replace bunge with in 1887
Vyshnegradski
how was vyshnegradski’s beleif different to bunge’s
he beleived industrialisation must happen regardless of costs or repercussions