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Russia > Economy and Societry > Flashcards

Economy and Societry Flashcards

1
Q

When was mikhail reutern minister of finance

A

1862-1878 under AII

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2
Q

how much did railways increase under reutern

A

seven fold

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3
Q

what were many european countries facing in the mid 1870s

A

economic issues. contrasting with russia’s own econimic growth

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4
Q

what did reutern decide to prioritise

A

heavier goods/ break bulk.

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5
Q

why did reutern carefully control imports

A

to avoid stagnation in russian manufacturing. this allowed net exports to rise in the 1870s .

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6
Q

what was introduced to workers under Alexander II

A

new work discipline

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7
Q

why was the serf mentality an issue and what helped with this

A

it got in the way of change, was not suited to factory work.

The new work discipline helped

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8
Q

Under Reutern,
name 3 economic incentives offered by russia to increase foreign investment

A
  • monopolies permitted for the production of some goods
  • government issued bonds
  • exemptions offered to individuals/ buisnesses who helped fun the gov schemes + projects
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9
Q

why did russia need to consider both industry and agriculture at the same time

A

a country cant industrialise effectively if it:
-experiences poor harvests
- has a poorly developed agricultural policy.

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10
Q

which administrative body was put in charge of lang allotted to peasants after 1861

A

mir

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11
Q

why were the mir a barrier to advancing agriculture / the lives of peasants

A

maintaining the mir was a way for the state to keep control over the peasantry

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12
Q

why was agriculture slow to develop under AII

A
  • descisions made by mir
  • education of peasants failed to keep up
  • lack of clarity around changing farming techniques and tools
  • peasants reluctant to change their traditional farming methods
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13
Q

for how long did serfs have to pay redemption payments

A

40 years

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14
Q

why did redemption payments place peasants in a difficult situation

A

most of the grain had to be sold immedietaly to pay off their debts
leaving them with very little to survive on

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15
Q

Who was minister for the economy from 1881-1886 (first 5 years of AIII’s reign)

A

Nikolay Bunge

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16
Q

how did many people view nikolay bunge

A

Liberal reformer

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17
Q

What 3 changes did Nikolay bunge make to taxation

A
  • Taxes on salt abolsidhed
  • Taxes reduced on Tobacco
  • Poll tax abolished in 1886
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18
Q

when was poll tax abolished under what minister

A

1886 under nikolay bunge

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19
Q

which two economic areas did nikolay bunge link

A

industry and agriculture

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20
Q

when was the peasant land bank established

A

1882

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21
Q

how were the peasant land bank (1882) and abolition of poll tax (1886) supposed to work together

A

to reduce the issues with the emancipation of the serfs (1861)

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22
Q

what did nikolay bunge introduce from 1883-1886

A

measures to improve the conditions of urban workers .

including factory inspections.

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23
Q

who did alexander III replace bunge with in 1887

A

Vyshnegradski

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24
Q

how was vyshnegradski’s beleif different to bunge’s

A

he beleived industrialisation must happen regardless of costs or repercussions

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25
Q

what did vyshnegradski do during the great famine of 1891

A

continued exporting grain

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26
Q

what did vyshnegradski build up which strengthened the economy, but at a social cost

A

taxation

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27
Q

what priority did both vyshnegradski and bunge share as ministers of finance

A

the need to concentrate on advancing the construction of railways

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28
Q

who was finance minister from 1893-1903

A

sergei witte

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29
Q

which 3 predecessors laid the groundwork for Witte’s radical plans

A

reutern, bunge and vyshnegradski

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30
Q

how did the population change under Nicholas II’s rule

A

there was a big growth in population

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31
Q

which period / under which ruler was there the most social / economic change

A

1894-1917 , under Nicholas II

as industrialisation really took off.

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32
Q

which leader did witte’s economic ideology have some similarities to

A

stalin, as he beleived russia needed to find a shortcut to catch up with other countries economy

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33
Q

how did witte combine reutern and vyshnegradski’s policies

A

reutern - capital invested from abroad + foreign expertise

vyshnegradskii - high taxes and exported grain abroad

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34
Q

what happened to russian currency during the great spurt

A

the ruble was put on the gold standard.

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35
Q

what criticism did witte face

A

russia too dependent on foreign capital
if foreign investors pulled out their capital russia could be vunerable

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36
Q

what happened in 1899 that showed the over- reliance on foreign loans

A

depression

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37
Q

for witte which came first industrialisation or agriculture

A

industrialisation

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38
Q

who was the russian prime minister from 1906-1911

A

stolypin

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39
Q

what did stolypin abolish to adress failiures of land allocations to the peasantry

A

redemption payments abolished in 1905

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40
Q

after the 1905 revolution how did priorities change

A

agriculture became a focal point.

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41
Q

how did stolypin’s reforms divide peasants and destablilise countryside

A
  • some peasants became wealthy while others suffered. this led to kulak
  • many successful peasants moved away from the mir
  • others became part of working class
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42
Q

name 3 successes by stolypin

A
  • grain production increased by 1914
  • mir was undermined in its power
  • freedom of movement with greater use of peasant land bank
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43
Q

what economic weakness did WW1 reveal

A

-russia’s economy was too reliant on other countries.
it had depended on foreign capital since the days of Reutern

44
Q

what problem did russia face with grain during WW1

A
  • economy depended on large grain exports
  • almost logistically impossible during ww1
  • to combat this loss in profits taxation increased
  • by 1916 inflation was rampant
45
Q

what problem did russia’s transport have in ww1

A
  • despite grand projects russia still lagged behind others
  • using railways for military and domestic purposes made transport links chaotic
46
Q

what issues did russia’s workforce have during ww1

A
  • juggling the needs of industry, agriculture and army
  • could not effectively adapt its workforce to supply all areas
47
Q

what did peasants start doing illegaly under the provisional government

A

seizing land they felt was deservedly theirs

48
Q

in which month was lenins thesis declared

A

april

49
Q

what limitations did a tsarist system have on the economy

A

ministers often fell foul of politics especially during periods of recession

this meant ministerial advancements often only occured in short bursts

50
Q

what was there a reliance of across the tsarist period which couldnt be maintained during WW1

A

foreign capital and expertise

51
Q

what freedoms did the zemstvos have in terms of education, name 4 things

A
  • enact educational reforms
  • appoint educators
  • shape curriculum
  • hold school inspections
52
Q

who was banned from secondary schools under Alexander III

A

lower class children

53
Q

overall what happened to education over the tsar era

A

it increased significantly

54
Q

why was university education an outlier under the tsars

A

there was little reform/ freedom as tsars feared the effects of too much autonomy

55
Q

tsars beleived the more liberal the state became , the less… it was

A

secure

56
Q

how much had living conditions of peasants changed since serfdom

A

barely. still dominated by mir and exclusively farmed grain

57
Q

what did father gapon want on bloody sunday 1905

A

living conditions addressed in towns and cities

58
Q

in contrast to western countries what remained poor + static throughoutbthe tsarist period

A

workers pay

59
Q

which group did Nicholas II wrongly think revolution was deeply tied to

A

jews

60
Q

there were many violent ____ during alexander III’s reign

A

pogroms

61
Q

Name 3 things Alexander II did in aggyculture

A

Emancipated the serfs
Redemption payments
Keeping mir

62
Q

Name 2 things Alexander III did in agriculture ( hint: ones good ones bad)

A
  • exported grain despite famine in 1891
  • set up peasant land bank
63
Q

Name 2 changes in agriculture under Nicholas II

A
  • Switched from strip farming
  • stolypin reforms “wager on the strong” 1906-1911
64
Q

Name 2 things the provisional gov did in agriculture

A
  • State monopoly on grain
    -Land committees
65
Q

What did Lenin do for agriculture

A
  • decree on land was not upheld
    war communism:
  • requisitioning (state ownership of grain)
  • state capitalism (no private business)
    -NEP/ new economic policy
66
Q

What is the difference between Toz, Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Stalin introducted

A

Toz- small scale, farmers voluntarily pool their resources
Kolkhoz - Collective farm owned + Shared profits on larger scale
Sovkhoz - State farm, workers receive wages

67
Q

What did Stalin do for agriculture

A

Forced Collectivisation
In Toz/ Kolkhoz / Sovkhoz farms
- famine
-dekulakisation , removes mir

68
Q

What did Khrushchev do for agriculture

A

Vigin land scheme

Maize program

69
Q

In what year was there a famine under Alexander II… and who was in charge of finance at the time

A

1831
Vyshnegradski

70
Q

What happened under vyshnegradski in 1831 and how did he respond

A

famine - 350,000 died
cholera and typhus
Vyshnegradsku raised taxes.
Exports on grain were eventually banned, committees to releive famine

71
Q

when was there a famine under NII and what was it like

A

1914-1917 (WW1)
8 hour bread queues, peasant hoarding, impacted infrastructure.

72
Q

What did peasants experience in 1918

A

famine. Peasant hoarding, loss of agricultural land.

Following Brest - Litovsk, grain requisitioning for ALL food supplies with the cheka and red army

73
Q

When was the second famine under lenin and what happened

A

1921

-Ukranian food production dropped 20% due to environmental factors.
-Total shutdown of railways
-5 million deaths
- cannibalism
- Suspicion of american releif administration

74
Q

When was there a famine under stalin, what happened

A

1932- 4

collectivisation
5 million deaths
death penalties for -

75
Q

what were the tsars overarching industry aims

A
  • improve railway infrastructure
  • win wars
  • produce “break bulk” - oil, iron, coke, steel
  • modernise, trade
    put ruble on gold standard
76
Q

How did industry change Under Alexander II

A
  • state became more involved
  • employed technical expertise
  • continued railway construction
  • expansion in “break bulk”
  • new work discipline introduced factory regulations - efficiency and safety
  • foreign investment was significant.
77
Q

What changes took place to industry under Alexander III.

Hint: there are 7 events to list

A
  • 1881 abolition of salt tax
  • 1886 abolition of poll tax
  • 1883 peasant land bank
  • Bunge blamed for dramatic fall of rouble and replaced w vyshnegradski
  • 1891 medele’ve tarrif - caused famine
  • Witte’s “great spurt” began
78
Q

which 1891 tarrif led to famine and who imposed it

A

medele’ve tarrif
imposed by vyshnegradski
under Alexander III

79
Q

What did the peasant land bank in 1883 do and who introduced it

A

Provide financial assistance to peasants purchasing lands / improving agricultural operations

introduced by Nikolay Bunge under Alexander II

80
Q

What changes took place to industry under Nicholas II

A

1897 - Rouble Put on Gold Standard
- Investment in heavy industry and railways
- Move away from private enterprise
- production coal x 2, steel and iron x 7
- income from industry quadrupled by 1897
- railway tracks doubled
- capital abroad increased 120% every year until 1898
- 1903- expansionist foreign policy , witte was dismissed

81
Q

what are the criticisms of witte , despite his great spurt?

A
  • reliance on foreign capital was dangerous as loans could be recalled on short notice
  • railway system costly, not as impressive as germany who had 11x more
  • witte paid no attention to agriculture
82
Q

what were the main similarities between the tsars in early industrialisation

A
  • foreign loans and investments created debt
  • railways a priority
  • heavy industry, especially witte
  • foreign expertise
  • neglect agriculture
83
Q

what were the main differences between the tsars in early industrialisation

A

entrepeneurs vs state control/ “great spurt”
neglect of agriculture increases through the period

84
Q

1914 . despite the great spurt, russia are still behind…

A

the western world.

85
Q

what industrial + economic problems could be seen with WW1

A

1914- still behind west
poor productivity, outdated machinery
coal productivity, despite doubling , was 10% of UK’s

consequences of war effort:
- armed demands not met, railways insufficient to carry their goods
- taxes increase
- tsar borrows money from abroad
- gold standard abandoned
- inflation + food price increase but not wages.

1917 - PG unable to quell strikes.

86
Q

during the july days and revolution, which protests had the highest attendance of workers

A

wage strikes

87
Q

What changes took place to industry under Stalin

A
  • increase military strength, self sufficiency
  • took most radical steps in industry and grain
  • permenantly put russias economy on a war footing
  • command economy - set quotas + policies
  • Abandons NEP for 5 year plans
  • his policies force peasants off land, releiving pressure off it.
  • living conditions deteriorate
  • gargantuan projects
88
Q

how are stalin’s gargantuan projects an example of neglecting agriculture

A

chemical fertiliser was needed , but resources were instead put into symbols

89
Q

how prepared for WW2 was stalin when it came

A

VERY PREPARED.

this led to him on a pedestal

90
Q

what were lenin and trotsky interested in economically which stalin was not

A

partnerships

91
Q

Stalin abandoned the NEP in favour of what

A

5 year plans

92
Q

how long did 5 year plans outlive stalin

A

into the 1980s

93
Q

Magnitogorsk. what is it? What was the… vibes?

A

celebrated “city of steel”

10 years of soviet industrial strength. Many optimistic
kulaks forced into work

94
Q

What did stalin make kulaks do

A

manual labour

95
Q

Why was stalin’s policies driving peasants off land a good thing?

A

Releived pressure on land
Produced workforce for industry

96
Q

what did stalin - and russia’s economic boom , happen to coincide with?

A

the great depression in the US

97
Q

what took place under stalin from 1928-32?

What was it like?

A

the first five year plan.

There was no actual “plan”, but quotas, which were repeatedly amended and made higher.
Enthusiasm and commitment, collective effort

98
Q

what was the five year plan supposedly a defence against?

As a result, what was any form of resistance labelled as?

A
  • international hostility
  • sabotage
99
Q

did the 5 year plan stress quality or quantity??

A

quantity.

100
Q

did planning for production quotas occur at a local or national level?

A

local

101
Q

for how long did serfs have to pay redemption payments

A

49 years

102
Q

for how many years did serfs have to continue working unpaid, known as “obrok”

A

2 years

103
Q

were peasants still controlled by the mir following the 1861 emancipation edict

A

yes

104
Q

why did the standard of peasant education increase following the emancipation?

A

the zemstva were now responsible for peasant education rather than the church

105
Q
A

Russia (8 decks)

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