War

Question 1

What is war?

Answer 1

Any organized, deliberate use of direct violence that results in at least 1,000 casualties per year

Question 2

What is inter-state war?

Answer 2

War between states

Question 3

Which are the three classifications of inter-state war?

Answer 3

• Hegemonic war: states dispute each other for control of the entire world order
• Total war: one state wages war on another to conquer and occupy its territory, and one state surrenders
• Limited war: one state carries out military actions to achieve an objective that’s short of surrender or occupation

Question 4

What is intra-state war?

Answer 4

War in which at least two factions within a state are trying to create a new government for the state

Question 5

What is the Just War Theory?

Answer 5

A set of theoretical conditions to judge:

• the reasons to go to war
• the means used during war

Question 6

Which are the two theories within the Just War Theory?

Answer 6

• Jus ad bellum

- Jus in bello

Question 7

Which are the six conditions of Jus ad bellum?

Answer 7

• Just cause
• Right intention
• Proper authority
• Probability of success
• Last resort
• Proportionality

Question 8

What does ‘Just cause,’ within Jus ad bellum, refer to?

Answer 8

The countering of aggressions and the protection of rights, and only certain governments are entitled to non-intervention

Question 9

What does ‘Right intention,’ within Jus ad bellum, refer to?

Answer 9

The sole motivation for aggression must be morally appropriate

Question 10

What does ‘Proper authority,’ within Jus ad bellum, refer to?

Answer 10

Only permissible to appropriate authorities & regimes

Question 11

What does ‘Probability of success,’ within Jus ad bellum, refer to?

Answer 11

Only if there is a foresseable, positive impact on the situation at hand

Question 12

What does ‘Last resort,’ within Jus ad bellum, refer to?

Answer 12

Only if peaceful alternatives have been exhausted

Question 13

What does ‘Proportionality,’ within Jus ad bellum, refer to?

Answer 13

There must be an anticipated calculation of overall “goods” vs. overall “evils”

Question 14

Which are the six conditions of Jus in bello?

Answer 14

• Proportionality
• Discrimination
• Obedience of weapon prohibitions
• Fair treatment of prisoners of war
• No means mala in se
• No reprisal

Question 15

What does ‘Proportionality,’ within Jus in bello, refer to?

Answer 15

Any use of force must be limited to the appropriate amount to achieving the overall aim/target

Question 16

What does ‘Discrimination,’ within Jus in bello, refer to?

Answer 16

Use of weapons and violence overall must discriminate between combatants and non-combatants. Civilians or civilian property must never be deliberately targeted

Question 17

What does ‘Obedience of weapon prohibitions,’ within Jus in bello, refer to?

Answer 17

No weapons internationally recognized to be forbidden must be employed

Question 18

What does ‘Fair treatment of prisoners of war,’ within Jus in bello, refer to?

Answer 18

Enemy soldiers who surrender or become prisoners are no longer threats

Question 19

What does ‘No means mala in se,’ within Jus in bello, refer to?

Answer 19

Weapons or methods that are “evil in themselves” may not be used

Question 20

What does ‘No reprisal,’ within Jus in bello, refer to?

Answer 20

Violations of jus in bello from one warring party do not authorize other warring parties to violate jus in bello themselves

Question 21

Which are the two causes of war?

Answer 21

Greed and grievance

Question 22

What is grievance?

Answer 22

War occurs when grievances are sufficiently accute that conflict parties want to engage in instances of direct violence

Question 23

What is greed?

Answer 23

War occurs when conflict parties come across atypical profitable opportunities for direct violence

Question 24

When should we suspect grievances?

Answer 24

• Ethnic / religious conflict
• Political repression
• Economic inequality

Question 25

When should we suspect greed?

Answer 25

• Atypical availaibility of resources
• Atypically low costs of war
• Atypically weak military capabilities

Question 26

Whicha are the three main causes of inter-state war?

Answer 26

• Individuals running countries
• Domestic institutions
• Power dynamics and distributions