Peace & Violence

Question 1

According to Johan Galtung, what is violence?

Answer 1

Violence is present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic & mental realizations are below their potential realizations

Question 2

Which are the two expressions of violence?

Answer 2

Physical and psychological

Question 3

Which are the two types of violence?

Answer 3

Direct and structural

Question 4

What is direct violence?

Answer 4

There is a subject who perpetrates the violence

Question 5

What is structural violence?

Answer 5

There is no subject who perpetrates violence

Question 6

Why is inequality at the core of structural violence?

Answer 6

• Uneven distribution of resources
• Uneven distribution of power over allocation
• Unequal distribution of benefits of the status quo

Question 7

What is cultural violence?

Answer 7

Those aspects of culture - the symbolic sphere of our existence - that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence

Question 8

Legitimizing violence consists of which two aspects?

Answer 8

• Altering the morality of reality

- Making reality opaque

Question 9

According to Johan Galtung, what is peace?

Answer 9

The absence of violence

Question 10

What is negative peace?

Answer 10

The absence of direct violence

Question 11

What is positive peace?

Answer 11

The absence of structural violence

Question 12

What is conflict?

Answer 12

The set of circumstances in which conflict actors have (or perceive that they have) mutually incompatible goals or intentions

Question 13

Which are some conflict actors?

Answer 13

• Either individuals or collectives
• Internal cohesion
• Defined structure of preferences
• Communicated to each other

Question 14

Which are the variations of territorial conflict?

Answer 14

• Territory & sovereignty
• Territory & nationalism
• Territory & economic value

Question 15

Within territorial conflict, what is secession?

Answer 15

A province or region undertakes efforts to secede from an existing state

Question 16

Within territorial conflict, what is interstate conflict?

Answer 16

Two (or more) states dispute control of defined territories

Question 17

Which are other two possible conflicts within territorial conflict?

Answer 17

• Territorial waters

- Airspace

Question 18

What does economic conflict mainly consist on?

Answer 18

Lateral pressure (from growth to expansionism) & strategic materials

Question 19

What is an ethnic identity?

Answer 19

Category in which eligibility for membership is determined by attributes associated with, or believed to be associated with, descent

Question 20

Where does ethnic conflict surge from?

Answer 20

From systematic rivalries between ethnic groups

Question 21

Which are some possible causes for ethnic conflict?

Answer 21

In-group vs. out-group
-Ethnocentrism
-Prejudice
-Dehumanization
-Genocide
Others
-History
-Political use of animosity
-Lack of knowledge & contact
-Propaganda

Question 22

Which are some possible solutions for ethnic conflicts?

Answer 22

• Partition
• Victory
• Power-sharing
• State-building
• Identity reconstruction

Question 23

What is ideological conflict?

Answer 23

Incompatible systems of thought

Question 24

What does religious conflict argue?

Answer 24

Religions and culture as a core of communities value systems