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Kinesiology -- Gait > Walking Analysis > Flashcards

Walking Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What features of walking are observed in the sagittal plane?

A
  • Stride length
  • Cadence
  • Speed
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2
Q

What features of walking are observed in the frontal plane?

A
  • the size of the base of support: stride width
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3
Q

What features of walking are observed in the transverse plane?

A

Foot progression angle

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4
Q

Typical stride width?

A

3-9cm

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5
Q

Typical foot progression angle?

A

7 degrees of out-toeing (positive foot progression)

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6
Q

What are the 4 groups of phases of walking?

A

1) Weight acceptance
2) single limb support
3) early swing limb advancement
4) late swing limb advancement

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7
Q

What consists of 60% of gait?

A

Stance phases

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8
Q

What consists of 40% of gait?

A

Swing phases

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9
Q

What phases occur during weight acceptance?

A

Initial contact and loading response

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10
Q

What phases occur during single limb support?

A

Midstance and terminal stance

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11
Q

What phases occur during early swing limb advancement?

A

Preswing and initial swing

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12
Q

What phases occur during late swing limb advancement?

A

Midswing and terminal swing

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13
Q

If the reference phase is in initial contact, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Terminal stance

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14
Q

If the reference limb is in loading response, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Preswing

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15
Q

If the reference limb is in midstance, what phases is the contralateral limb in?

A

Initial swing and mid swing

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16
Q

If the reference limb is in terminal stance, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Terminal swing and initial contact

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17
Q

If the reference limb is in preswing, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Loading response

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18
Q

If the reference limb is in initial contact, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Midstance

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19
Q

If the reference limb is in midswing, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Midstance

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20
Q

If the reference limb is in terminal swing, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Terminal stance

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21
Q

What occurs during weight acceptance?

A

The body’s weight is transferred to the reference limb. Shock absorption is important to ensure efficient energy transfer.

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22
Q

What occurs during single limb support?

A

The body passes over a stationary foot. A single limb supports the body, and the body moves in front of the reference limb.

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23
Q

What occurs during swing limb advancement?

A

The reference limb generates momentum through forward propulsion. Initially, this involves pushing off the surface; followed by limb clearance strategies (rapid flexing of the reference limb).

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24
Q

What specifically occurs during late swing advancement?

A

The reference limb is decelerated.

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25
Q

What occurs during initial contact?

A

Foot contacts the ground

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26
Q

What occurs during loading response?

A

Body weight is transferred to the reference limb and chock is absorbed on a flexed limb

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27
Q

What occurs during Midstance?

A

Body moves over a stationary foot and balance on on foot is maintained

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28
Q

What occurs during terminal stance?

A

Body progresses past the stationary foot and balance is maintained

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29
Q

What occurs during preswing?

A

Generation of momentum for forward propulsion for swing limb advancement

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30
Q

What occurs during initial swing?

A

Clearance of swing limb

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31
Q

What occurs during midswing?

A

Deceleration of limb

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32
Q

What occurs during terminal swing?

A

Extended limb for step length and preparation for loading

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33
Q

Number pattern of critical events?

A

1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1

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34
Q

What critical event occurs at initial contact?

A

Heel first contact

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35
Q

What critical events occur at loading response?

A
  • controlled ankle plantarflexion
  • controlled knee flexion
  • maintenance of hip stability
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36
Q

What critical event occurs during Midstance?

A

Controlled tibial advancement

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37
Q

What are the critical events of terminal stance?

A
  • controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rising

- trailing limb posture

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38
Q

What critical events occur during preswing?

A
  • rapid ankle plantarflexion

- passive knee flexion to 40 degrees

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39
Q

What critical events occur during initial swing?

A
  • maximum knee flexion to 60 degrees

- hip flexion to 15 degrees

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40
Q

What critical events occur during midswing?

A
  • dorsiflexion to 0

- maximum hip flexion to 25 degrees

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41
Q

What critical event occur during terminal swing?

A

Knee extension to 0 degrees

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42
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical event of the ankle during initial contact?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees (neutral)
MA: Tibialis anterior
Kinetics: plantar moment
CE: Heel first contact

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43
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during Loading Response?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees plantarflexion
MA: Tibialis anterior
Kinetics: plantar moment
CE: controlled ankle plantarflexion

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44
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during Midstance?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees dorsiflexion
MA: gastric/soleus
Kinetics: GRF through joint
CE: controlled tibial advancement

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45
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during terminal stance?

A

Kinematics: 10 degrees dorsiflexion
MA: gastric/soleus
Kinetics: Dorsi moment
CE: ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise

46
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during preswing?

A

Kinematics: 15 degrees plantarflexion
MA: gastric/soleus
Kinetics: Dorsi moment
CE: rapid ankle plantarflexion

47
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during initial swing?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees plantarflexion
MA: Tibialis anterior
Kinetics: 0 moment
CE: none

48
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during midswing?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees
MA: Tibialis anterior
Kinetics: 0 moment
CE: Dorsiflexion to neutral

49
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during terminal swing?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees
MA: Tibialis anterior
Kinetics: 0 moment
CE: none

50
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during initial contact?

A

Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion
MA: quads and hamstrings
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: None

51
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during Loading Response?

A

Kinematics: 15 degrees flexion
MA: quads
Kinetics: quads
CE: controlled knee flexion

52
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during Midstance?

A

Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion
MA: None
Kinetics: GRF goes through joint
CE: None

53
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during terminal stance?

A

Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion
MA: None
Kinetics: Extensor moment
CE: None

54
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during preswing?

A

Kinematics: 40 degrees flexion
MA: None
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: passive knee flexion to 40 degrees

55
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during initial swing?

A

Kinematics: 60 degrees flexion
MA: None
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: knee flexion to 60 degrees

56
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during mid swing?

A

Kinematics: 25 degrees flexion
MA: hamstrings
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: none

57
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during terminal swing?

A

Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion
MA: quads and hamstrings
Kinetics: 0 moment
CE: knee extension to 0 degrees

58
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during initial contact?

A

Kinematics: 20 degrees flexion
MA: Glut max and hamstrings
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: none

59
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during Loading Response?

A

Kinematics: 20 degrees flexion
MA: glut max
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: hip stability

60
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during Midstance?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees flexion
MA: None
Kinetics: GRF is through joint
CE: None

61
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during terminal stance?

A

Kinematics: 20 degrees extension
MA: None
Kinetics: extensor moment
CE: trailing limb

62
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during preswing?

A

Kinematics: 10 degrees extension
MA: Rectus femoris, adductor longus
Kinetics: extensor moment
CE: None

63
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during initial swing?

A

Kinematics: 15 degrees flexion
MA: rectus femoris, adductor longus, iliopsoas
Kinetics: 0 moment
CE: flexion to 15 degrees

64
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during midswing?

A

Kinematics: 25 degrees flexion
MA: hamstrings
Kinetics: 0 moment
CE: flexion to 25 degrees

65
Q

Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during terminal swing?

A

Kinematics: 20 degrees flexion
MA: glut max and hamstrings
Kinetics: flexor moment
CE: None

66
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during initial contact?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees forward rotation
MA: glut medius

67
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during Loading Response?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees forward rotation
MA: glut medius

68
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during Midstance?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees rotation; 7 degrees drop
MA: glut medius

69
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during terminal stance?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees backward rotation; 7 degrees drop; 4 degrees anterior tilt
MA: glut medius

70
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during preswing?

A

Kinematics: 4 degrees anterior tilt
MA: None

71
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during initial swing?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees rotation
MA: None

72
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during midswing?

A

Kinematics: 0 degrees rotation
MA: None

73
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during terminal stance?

A

Kinematics: 5 degrees forward rotation
MA: glut medius

74
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during initial contact?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: trunk extensors

75
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during Loading Response?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: trunk extensors

76
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during Midstance?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: abdominals

77
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during terminal stance?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: abdominals

78
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during preswing?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: trunk extensors

79
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during midswing?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: abdominals

80
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during initial swing?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: abdominals

81
Q

What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during terminal swing?

A

Kinematics: erect
MA: abdominals

82
Q

Maximum ankle dorsiflexion occurs at what phase?

A

10 degrees at terminal stance

83
Q

Maximum ankle plantarflexion occurs at what phase?

A

15 degrees at preswing

84
Q

The largest positional change at the ankle occurs between what 2 phases/

A

Between terminal stance and preswing

85
Q

What muscle is primarily active during weight acceptance to absorb shock and during swing limb advancement to clear the limb?

A

Tibialis anterior

86
Q

What muscle is primarily active during single limb support phases to stabilize the tibia and during preswing to promote knee flexion?

A

Gastroc/soleus

87
Q

Most of the joint moments at the ankle occur during what type of phases?

A

Stance phases

88
Q

The largest joint moment at the ankle occurs at what phase? What type of moments is it?

A

Flexor moment at preswing

89
Q

The 15 degrees of knee flexion at loading response supports what?

A

Shock absorption

90
Q

The 60 degrees of knee flexion at initial swing supports what?

A

Limb clearance

91
Q

At weight acceptance, what muscle group is activated to stabilize the hip?

A

Hamstrings

92
Q

What muscle group are active during terminal swing to decelerate the tibia?

A

Hamstrings

93
Q

What muscle group is primarily active at weight acceptance for shock absorption?

A

Quadriceps

94
Q

What muscle group is active at terminal swing to extend the limb?

A

Quadriceps

95
Q

The joint moments at the knee are highest during what phases? What type of moments?

A

Flexor moments at weight acceptance and initial swing

96
Q

Hip flexion is greatest at what phase?

97
Q

The rectus femoris and adductor longus are active primarily at what 2 phases/

A

Preswing and initial swing

98
Q

Rectus femoris and adductor longus function to support what?

A

Hip flexion and knee flexion

99
Q

During phases of hip flexion, the pelvis rotates in what direction?

100
Q

During phases of hip extension, the pelvis rotates in what direction?

101
Q

Gluteal muscles are most active during what phase?

A

Weight acceptance

102
Q

What observations are included in the broad perspective?

A
  • ability to simultaneously control multiple degrees of freedom (smoothness of motion)
  • symmetry
  • pace
  • BOS
  • ability to perform basic criteria for walking
103
Q

BOS includes what?

A
  • step length
  • foot progression angle
  • step width
104
Q

Basic criteria for walking includes what?

A
  • the ability to absorb shock during WA
  • support the body on a single limb
  • generate forward propulsion
  • clear the swing limb
  • decelerate the swing limb
105
Q

What observations are included in the detailed perspective?

A

The 14 critical events

106
Q

Common deviations in older adults?

A
  • reduced time spent in single limb stance phases
  • increased time in phases of double limb support
  • limited time in terminal stance
  • less hip extension
  • difficulty modifying gait
107
Q

Common deviations in young children?

A
  • forefoot or foot flat contact
  • limited ability to absorb shock at WA
  • knee flexion and hip flexion at LR may not be observed until 4 years old
  • less time in single limb stance phases
  • limited hip extension at terminal stance
  • less gait speed
108
Q

Children have an adult like gait pattern by what age?

A

7 years old

109
Q

Measures which are time or speed based include?

A
  • ten meter walk test
  • 6 minute walk test
  • four square step test
110
Q

Measures which are score based include?

A
  • functional gait assessment
  • dynamic gait index
  • gross motor function measure
111
Q

Measures designed for adults include?

A
  • ten meter walk test
  • 6 minute walk test
  • four square step test
  • functional gait assessment
  • dynamic gait index
112
Q

Measures designed for children include?

A
  • ten meter walk test
  • 6 minute walk test
  • dynamic gait index
  • gross motor function measure

Kinesiology -- Gait (5 decks)

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