Walden Flashcards
Naegleria
Causes what condition
How is it contracted
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Swimming, diving in warm, stagnant fresh water ponds (hot tubs, pools)
Naegleria
How do they enter body
Invade Nasal mucosa, pass through cribiform plate to olfactory nerve to brain and meninges
Naegleria
Sx
Severe frontal headache
Change in sense of smell or taste
Neck rigidity
Somnolence
Loss of balance
Naegleria
Progression of disease
Coma and die within 3 to 7 days
Naegleria
Diagnosis
Microscopic: fresh, wet mount prep of CSF=>motile amoebae
Acanthamoeba
Causes what disease
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)
Chronic amebic keratitis
Acanthamoeba
How does infection spread
Hematogenous spread from skin lesion or through eyes. Maybe inhalation
Acanthamoeba
Keratitis
Association
Soft contact lenses
Corneal trauma
Acanthamoeba
Keratitis
Sx
Ocular pain and corneal lesions
Acanthamoeba
Keratitis: treatable
GAE: fatal
Asdf
Balamuthia
Prognosis
100% with encephalitis die
Miltefosine is drug
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Caused by
Filariasis nematode, onchocerca volvulus
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Found where?
Africa, Mexico, Guatemala, Brazil
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Transmitted by what?
Simulium flies (black fly)
Breed
In rapidly flowing streams
Dams, ferry crossings
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
How infection occurs
Bite of female black fly
Larvae develop into adult worms coiled up in bundles (after a few months)
Creates nodules
Release microfilariae which disseminate (eye)
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Sx
Inching (lizard skin)
Lymphadenitis (hanging groin)
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Diagnosis
Microfilariae in skin snips (known as tenting)
Adult worms in nodules
Microfilaria in eye exam
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Mazzotti teset
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) induces intense itching in patients with parasite
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Tx
Surgically excising nodules
Ivermectin
River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)
Cornea inflammation
Actually due to wolbachia bacteria
Filariasis
Endemic to
Latin America, Africa, Asia, pacific islands
Filariasis
Transmission
Infected mosquitoes bite and transmit
Migrate through lymphatics and trapped in lymph nodes
Filariasis
Types
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Filariasis
Immunologic reactions to worms cause…
Enlargement of legs, arms, genitalia and breasts
Filariasis
Mansonellosis
Symptomless
Filariasis
Sx
Req prolonged exposure
Inflammatory early symptoms then obstructive
Obstructive: tremendous enlargment of lymph glands
Chyluria: lymph fluid and emulsified fat in urine. (Ruptured lymphatics)
Filariasis
Diagnosis
Microfilariae in blood (look at night)
Mazzotti test (DEC)
Filariasis
Wuchereria bancrofti characteristic sign
Filariasis dance sign
Filariasis
Tx
Diethylcarbamazine
Don’t use DEC in pts with onchocerciasis co infection
Filariasis
Prevention
Sleeping under permethrin nets and deet
Loiasis (eyeworm disease of Africa)
Distribution
Chrysops flies in Africa (Congo)
Loiasis (eyeworm disease of Africa)
Sx
Transient swellings, painful, intense itching (CALABAR SWELLINGS)
Adult worm crossing eye can cause pain/conjunctivitis
Encephalitis/seizures
Loiasis (eyeworm disease of Africa)
Dx
Transient calabar swelling (Africa)
Eye sx
Microfilariae in peripheral blood during daytime!
See eosinophilia
Loiasis (eyeworm disease of Africa)
Tx
Surgical removal of worms from skin around eye
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Cool fact
Longest nematode
100 cm
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Route of infection
Ingestion of drinking water containing infected intermediate host, small crustacean copepods (cyclops)
Step wells
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Distribution
Africa (Sudan)
Guinea-worm
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Life cycle
Drinking water from step wells infested with crustaceans which are infected with dracunculus larvae
Larvae penetrate intestine and migrate through subq tissues (legs). Female induces blister. Ruptures when hits water
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Sx
Blister formation with redness, burning, and itching
Cellulitis, septicemia
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Dx
Seeing emerging worm protruding through skin of lower leg
Dead, calcified worms on x ray
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm infection)
Tx
Roll on stick over several weeks
Toxoplasmosis
Host
Cats
Toxoplasmosis
Acquisition
Undercooked meat with cysts
Ingestion of parasite oocysts from recalls contaminated hands or food
Transfusion or transplant
Transplacental
Toxoplasmosis
Ocular
Retinochoroiditis (inflammation of retina and choroid coat)
Toxoplasmosis
What causes acute and latent disease
Tachyzoite: replication causes acute
Bradyzoite: cysts cause latency and reactivation
Toxoplasmosis
Aids
Intracerebral mass lesions (reactivation)
