W9 - Cardiac Disease Flashcards
Define cardiovascular disease
General term for a condition affecting the heart and blood vessels & is also associated with damage to the arteries of the brain, kidneys & eyes
Name the 4 types of CVD
- Coronary heart disease (CHD)
- cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) & Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA’s)
- Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
- Aortic disease
What is CHD also known as
Ischaemic heart disease or coronary artery disease
What is CHD
A disease where the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed
What 3 diseases does CHD include
Angina
Myocardial infarction
Heart failure
Risk factors of CHD
Multifactorial: genetics, lifestyle & environmental factors
Age
Gender
Smoking
Social deprivation
Diet
Exercise
Alcohol
Blood pressure
Obesity
Diabetes
Family history
Name some symptoms of CHD
- Pain, discomfort, pressure, tightening, numbness or burning sensation around the arms, chest, shoulders, back, upper abdomen & jaw
- dizziness
- SOB
- fatigue or weakness
- nausea or vomitting
- sweating or clammy hands
- rapid heart rate
Define angina
Chest pain due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle
Tends to be transient
Name & explain the 4 types of angina
Stable = happens at predictable times (stress/exercise)
Unstable = happens when no particular demand being placed on the heart
Variant = when the coronary artery goes into spams
Microvascular = affects the smallest of the vessels
Name 3 treatments for angina
Medication = nitrates & anticoagulants
Lifestyle changes
Surgery = angioplasty & CABG
Define myocardial infarction
MI is when the blood supplying the oxygen to the heart is severely reduced or cut off. This results in ischaemia of the heart muscle (cell death) and scar formation
How is an MI diagnoses (2 things)
Blood test: look for cardiac enzymes
- troponin (released into the blood when heart is damaged
- appears after 3-6hrs
- peaks 24-48hrs
- lasts 7-10 days
- creatinine kinase
ECG (typical signs)
- ST elevation
- inversion of T wave
Enlarged Q wave
Symptoms of a MI
Sweating or cold clammy skin
Dizzy & faint
Pain, tingling or discomfort in the upper body
SOB
Nausea & vomiting
Rapid heart rate
MI consequences
Depends on the site of infarction & degree of damage:
- sudden death
- arrhythmia
- heart failure
- cardiogenic shock
- thrombus formation
- rupture of the heart muscle
MI Treatment
Depends on the severity of symptoms:
- drugs beta blockers and vasodilators
- cardiac catherterisation/ angiography, PTCA, stent
- CABG
- physio involvement in cardiac rehab & propreoceptive care
What is the most common site for a MI ischaemia
Left ventricle (highest demand)
Define heart failure
The heart is unable to adequately pump the blood around the body usually because the heart had become stiff or weak
What is the common cause of heart failure
MI
Other causes of heart failure
Cardiomyopathy
Damaged valves
Viral infection
Chemotherapy
Excessive alcohol
Anaemia
Thyroid disease
Symptoms of heart failure
SOBOE & SOBAR
swollen feet, ankles, stomach & lower back
Fatigue or feeling weak
Treatment for heart failure
No cure & treatment wins to control symptoms:
- diuretics
- pacemaker
- implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
Causes of heart valve disease
- congenital heart disease
- rheumatic fever
- cardiomyopathy
- MI
- endocarditis
- aging
Symptoms of heart valve disease
SOB
ankle/feel swelling
Fatigue
How can a damaged valve affect the flow of blood
- If the valve doesn’t OPEN fully this restricts the flow of blood = stenosis or narrowing
- If the valve doesn’t CLOSE properly then blood leaks backwards = valve incompetence or regurgitation or leaky valve
