W3 - Pneumonia Flashcards
What is pneumonia
Inflammatory condition of the lungs which cause abnormal alveolar filling with consolidation & exuadation
What 3 type of irritants cause pneumonia
Infection
Chemical
Aspiration
How down pneumonia occur
During pulmonary infection, acute inflammation causes neutrophils to migrate out the capillaries & into the alveoli
This causes phagocytosis to occur and antimicrobial enzymes and inhibitors are released resulting in more inflammation & oedema
Name the 4 stages of pneumonia
Congestion
Red hepatization
Gray hepatization
Resolution
What is the time frame for each stage of pneumonia
Congestion = first 24 hrs
Red hepatization Gray= 2-3 days
Gray hepatization = 4-6 days
Resolution = more than 6 days
What happens in the congestion stage of pneumonia
Characterised by vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid & numerous bacteria = causes the lungs to be heavy, boggy & red
What happens in the red hepatization stage of pneumonia
Massive education develops with red blood cells, leukocytes & fibrin filling the alveolar spaces.
Affected area appears red, firm & airless with liver like symptoms
What happens in the gray hepatization stage of pneumonia
Progressive disintegration of red blood cells and persistence of a fibrin exudate
What happens in the resolution stage of pneumonia
The consolidated exudate in the alveolar spaces undergo progressive digestion to produce debris that’s later reabsorbed, ingested by macrophages or coughed up
What causes pneumonia
Bacrpteris (streptococcus pneumonia)
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites
Chemicals
Aspiration
Inhalation of smoke
Name the 2 anatomical classifications of pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia
Name 4 settings a pneumonia patient will be in
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
health care associated pneumonia (HCAP)
hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
Common signs & symptoms of pneumonia
Fever, malaise, muscle ache/fatigue, coughing, rapid heartbeat, chest pain
Less common symptoms
Coughing up blood, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, wheezing & confusion
Name 4 complications of pneumonia
Lung abscess
Pleural effusions
Empyema (infection between the pleural cavity)
Septic shock
What’s the medical diagnosis of someone with pneumonia
Temperature above 37.8 degrees
Heart rate above 10l bpm
Crackles
Decreased breath sounds or bronchial breath sounds
Absence of asthma
Name possible treatments
Antibiotics
O2 support
Hydration (IV fluids)
Rest
Analgesics (pain relief)
Fever reducing medication
Cough suppressant medication
