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FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition > W8: Water and alcohol > Flashcards

W8: Water and alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 most important functions of water?

A
  1. Fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. Acid-base balance
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2
Q

What are electrolytes? How do they maintain fluid balance in cells?

A

Electrolytes are charged ions in the body
- they maintain fluid balance by moving in and out of the cell, and they bind water through ion-dipole interactions.

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3
Q

What are the 2 electrolytes predominantly outside of the cell? (extracellular electrolytes)

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Chloride
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4
Q

What are the 4 electrolytes predominantly inside of the cell? (intracellular electrolytes)

A
  1. potassium
  2. phosphate
  3. magnesium
  4. sulfate

PPMS

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5
Q

Regulation of fluid balance occurs in which 2 parts of the body?

A
  1. Kidneys – ultrafiltration and excrete excess fluid as urine
  2. GI tract (gastrointestinal tract)
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6
Q

What are the main causes of fluid and electrolyte imbalance?[2]

A
  1. Prolonged vomiting / diarrhoea
  2. Heavy sweating
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7
Q

How to replace lost fluids and electrolytes?

A

Consuming plain cool water (fluid) and regular food (to get ions)
- e.g. grains / fruits / vege etc have potassium, sodium….

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8
Q

To recover from fluid and electrolyte imbalance, special replacement fluids with ions in it such as isotonic drinks are required. True or False/

A

False.

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9
Q

Water maintains acid-base balance in the body, where physiological pH is within a narrow range of ____ and __.

A

7.35, 7.45

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10
Q

What are symptoms of consuming too little water? (otherthan thirst/dehydration) [5]

A
  1. Nausea
  2. rapid heart beat
  3. increased body temperature
  4. dizziness
  5. difficulty moving
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11
Q

In cases of unresolved dehydration, what is the consequence?

A

Kidney failure / death

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12
Q

What are the consequences of drinking too much water? [7]

A
  1. Hyponatremia (low blood sodium) → blood gets diluted, low conc of ions
  2. Confusion
  3. headache
  4. vomiting
  5. seizure
  6. coma
  7. death
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13
Q

What are the 2 main types of alcohols?

A

Glycerol, ethanol

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14
Q

Alcohol needs to be digested before being absorbed. True or false?

A

False, it gets directly absorbed quicly in the stomach and small intestine

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15
Q

Alcohol is abosorbed very quickly, and alcohol absoprtion gets priority in the small intestine. Why?

A

Body treats alcohol like a toxin, so when alcohol is detected, absorption is quick to be transported for breakdown.++ (alchol are relatively small molecules)

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16
Q

Where is alcohol broken down?

A

Liver

17
Q

What can be done to decrease absorption rate of alcohol?

A

Drink alcohol with food, as food decreases absorption rate of alcohol

18
Q

What is the main effect of alcohol on liver and what disease can arise?

A

Fatty liver disease.

  • Liver cells receive blood with alcohol in it, disrupting their activity
  • Acetyl-CoA from breakdown of alcohol does not enter TCA cycle → Hydrogen and electrons from previous steps** clog up the TCA cycle** + alcohol metabolism leads to insufficient coenzyme form of NAD for steps in TCA cycle
  • Liver converts acetyl CoA into fats to cope with excess acetyl CoA and lack of NAD, leading to fatty liver disease
19
Q

What are the 2 main effects of alcohol on the brain?

A
  1. Sedates inhibitory nerves, acts as a central nervous system depressant
  2. Depression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    - Urine output increases
    - Loss of water : thrist, dehydration
    - loss of minerals
20
Q

Moderate consumption of alcohol can protect against which 5 diseases?

A
  1. heart disease
  2. type 2 diabetes
  3. hypertension (high blood pressure)
  4. stroke
  5. dementia
21
Q

In red wine, what compound can pose a health benefit?

A

Red pigments in red wine → phytochemicals → act as antioxidants

FYI: Anthocyanins

22
Q

How many drinks per day for men and women are considered moderate amounts to have positive health effects?

A

Men : 2 drinks / day
Women : 1 drink / day

23
Q

What are the 3 short term negative effects of alcohol consumption?

A
  1. Alcohol intoxication
  2. Drug-alcohol interaction → Combining alcohol and pain relievers can cause stomach ulcer / liver damage
  3. Hangovers
24
Q

In alcohol intoxication, there is increased involvement of traffic accidents of ____mg of alcohol per ____ml of blood

A

60,100

25
Q

What are hangovers caused by? [2]

A

Dehydration and by-products of alcoholic fermentation (formaldehyde)

- alcoholic drinks contain methanol, which is broken down into formaldehyde (highly toxic and can reduce blood flow to brain, causing headaches)

26
Q

What is the main long term negative effect of alcohol?

A

Malnutrition

27
Q
A
28
Q
A

FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition (10 decks)

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