W8: Water and alcohol Flashcards
What are the 2 most important functions of water?
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Acid-base balance
What are electrolytes? How do they maintain fluid balance in cells?
Electrolytes are charged ions in the body
- they maintain fluid balance by moving in and out of the cell, and they bind water through ion-dipole interactions.
What are the 2 electrolytes predominantly outside of the cell? (extracellular electrolytes)
- Sodium
- Chloride
What are the 4 electrolytes predominantly inside of the cell? (intracellular electrolytes)
- potassium
- phosphate
- magnesium
- sulfate
PPMS
Regulation of fluid balance occurs in which 2 parts of the body?
- Kidneys – ultrafiltration and excrete excess fluid as urine
- GI tract (gastrointestinal tract)
What are the main causes of fluid and electrolyte imbalance?[2]
- Prolonged vomiting / diarrhoea
- Heavy sweating
How to replace lost fluids and electrolytes?
Consuming plain cool water (fluid) and regular food (to get ions)
- e.g. grains / fruits / vege etc have potassium, sodium….
To recover from fluid and electrolyte imbalance, special replacement fluids with ions in it such as isotonic drinks are required. True or False/
False.
Water maintains acid-base balance in the body, where physiological pH is within a narrow range of ____ and __.
7.35, 7.45
What are symptoms of consuming too little water? (otherthan thirst/dehydration) [5]
- Nausea
- rapid heart beat
- increased body temperature
- dizziness
- difficulty moving
In cases of unresolved dehydration, what is the consequence?
Kidney failure / death
What are the consequences of drinking too much water? [7]
- Hyponatremia (low blood sodium) → blood gets diluted, low conc of ions
- Confusion
- headache
- vomiting
- seizure
- coma
- death
What are the 2 main types of alcohols?
Glycerol, ethanol
Alcohol needs to be digested before being absorbed. True or false?
False, it gets directly absorbed quicly in the stomach and small intestine
Alcohol is abosorbed very quickly, and alcohol absoprtion gets priority in the small intestine. Why?
Body treats alcohol like a toxin, so when alcohol is detected, absorption is quick to be transported for breakdown.++ (alchol are relatively small molecules)
Where is alcohol broken down?
Liver
What can be done to decrease absorption rate of alcohol?
Drink alcohol with food, as food decreases absorption rate of alcohol
What is the main effect of alcohol on liver and what disease can arise?
Fatty liver disease.
- Liver cells receive blood with alcohol in it, disrupting their activity
- Acetyl-CoA from breakdown of alcohol does not enter TCA cycle → Hydrogen and electrons from previous steps** clog up the TCA cycle** + alcohol metabolism leads to insufficient coenzyme form of NAD for steps in TCA cycle
- Liver converts acetyl CoA into fats to cope with excess acetyl CoA and lack of NAD, leading to fatty liver disease
What are the 2 main effects of alcohol on the brain?
- Sedates inhibitory nerves, acts as a central nervous system depressant
- Depression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Urine output increases
- Loss of water : thrist, dehydration
- loss of minerals
Moderate consumption of alcohol can protect against which 5 diseases?
- heart disease
- type 2 diabetes
- hypertension (high blood pressure)
- stroke
- dementia
In red wine, what compound can pose a health benefit?
Red pigments in red wine → phytochemicals → act as antioxidants
FYI: Anthocyanins
How many drinks per day for men and women are considered moderate amounts to have positive health effects?
Men : 2 drinks / day
Women : 1 drink / day
What are the 3 short term negative effects of alcohol consumption?
- Alcohol intoxication
- Drug-alcohol interaction → Combining alcohol and pain relievers can cause stomach ulcer / liver damage
- Hangovers
In alcohol intoxication, there is increased involvement of traffic accidents of ____mg of alcohol per ____ml of blood
60,100
