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FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition > W8 : Minerals > Flashcards

W8 : Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major minerals?

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Calcium
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2
Q

What are the 2 trace minerals? (required in small amounts)

A
  1. Iron
  2. Zinc
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3
Q

What are the roles of sodium? [4]

A
  1. Principal cation of extracellular fluid which regulates fluid balance and volume
  2. Acid-base balance
  3. Nerve impulse transmission
  4. Muscle contraction
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4
Q

Where are the 4 main sources of sodium in the diet?
(including other sodium salts like sodium benzoate, NOT JUST SODIUM CHLORIDE)

A
  1. 5% added during cooking
  2. 6% added at the table
  3. 12% naturally occurring
  4. 77% food processing – as food is more processed, more processing aids like salt is needed to stabilize final product
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5
Q

What is the consequence ofsodium deficiency?

A

Hyponatremia – lower than baseline sodium content

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6
Q

What are the 2 consequences of sodium toxicity?

A
  1. Edema (swelling)
  2. High blood pressure

Sodium toxcity is acute – fatal or cause damage to target organs as a result of a single exposure or exposure of short duration.

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7
Q

What is the consequence of chronic high salt intake?

A

Increased risk of hypertension

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8
Q

What is the consequence of having too much sodium?

A

Bone loss (oesteoporosis) – high salt intake associated with increased calcium excretion

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9
Q

Potassium is an extracellular or intracellular ion?

A

Intracellular

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10
Q

What are the roles of potassium in the body? [3]

A
  1. Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. Maintain cell integrity (since it is inside cell)
  3. Aids in nerve impulse transmission (signalling) and muscle contraction
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11
Q

What is the main food source of potassium?

A

Fresh foods are richest sources of potassium
- meat/fruits/vege/milk/grains

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12
Q

What are the consequences of potassium deficiency? [2]

A
  1. Increase in blood pressure
  2. Salt sensitivity : if person eats a normal level of sodium, blood pressure may increase increase by a lot
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13
Q

What is the consequence of potassium toxicity?

A

When there is excess potassium, kidneys work to remove excess potassium by accelerating excretion in urine → if kidneys not able to remove → abnormal heartbeat

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14
Q

Potassium toxicity results from overconsumption of ____ ____ (2 words) or ____.

A

Potassium salts, supplements

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15
Q

When the body needs calcium, where is it drawn from?

A

Bones, which act as calcium bank

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16
Q

Majority of calcium in our body is found in our ____ and ____.

A

bones, teeth

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17
Q

What are the roles of calcium salts in bones? [2]

A

Calcium salts form crystals with phosphate to form hydroxyapatite
1. Offers strength and rigidity to maturing bones
2. Bone remodelling

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18
Q

What is the role of calcium in teeth?

A

Strengthens the enamel on the outside of your teeth, which helps ward off decay (dental health)

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19
Q

What compound in teeth helps to stabilise calcium crystals?

A

Fluoride

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20
Q

What are the roles of calcium in bodily fluids? (extracellular and intracellular) [6]

A

1) Maintain normal blood pressure
2) Extracellular calcium helps in blood clotting

Intracellular calcium:
3) Regulation of muscle contraction (sarcoplasmic reticulum :D)
4) Transmission of nerve impulses
5) Secretion of hormones
6) Activation of some enzymatic reactions – cofactors for various enzymes including those involved in digestion and energy production

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21
Q

What are the usual sources of calcium? [5]

A

1. Broccoli
2. Milk
3. Plain yogurt
4. Cheese
5. Tofu

Mainly dairy

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22
Q

How many % of calcium ingested is absorbed by adult body?

A

30

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23
Q

What are the 2 Excellent, and sometimes unusual sources of calcium?

A
  1. Sardines
  2. Bok choy (chinese cabbage)
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24
Q

What are the 2 factors affecting calcium absorption?

A
  1. Stomachs low pH (acidity) helps to solubilise calcium and increases absopriton
  2. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption by stimulating the production of calcium-binding proteins in the intestines.
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25
What is the recommended intake of calcium?
Recommended calcium intake is set at a level high enough to account for the fact that only 30% of ingested calcium is absorbed.
26
What is the cortical bone, and does it release calcium into bloodstream when body needs calcium?
- The cortical bone forms the hard outer shell of bones - releases calcium into bloodstream when body needs it at a **slow and steady rate**
27
The Trabecular bone is not able to give up calcium when dietary intake is insufficient. True or False?
False, it can give up calcium into bloodstream
28
The health and density of the trabecular bone is influenced by which 2 factors?
1. body's day-to-day calcium intake 2. its overall need for calcium
29
What effects are there on trabecular bone if there is insufficient calcium intake? [2]
weakened trabecular bone and an increased risk of fractures.
30
What are the 3 major bone cells involved in bone remodelling?
1. Oesteoblast 2. Oesteoclast 3. Oesteocyte
31
# **Bone remodelling** What is the function of osteoblasts?
It is involved in bone formation and deposits calcium and phosphrous into collagen framework
32
# **Bone remodelling** Oesteoblasts mature into ____?
Oesteocytes
33
# **Bone remodelling** What are the functions of Osteoclasts? [2]
"Remodelling" 2. Secretes acid and proteases to break down bone matrix 3. Involved in bone resorption of minerals-- after get broken down, minerals released into blood
34
How does bone mass and calcium correlate with age?
1. Childhood and adolescence : bone acquiring stage, bone calcium increases. 2. Late 20s : peak bone mass reached 3. Late adulthood : bone-losing decades (Begins at 30-40 years of age), thus loss of calcium from bones too
35
When there is a dietary deficiency of calcium, blood calcium decreases. True or False?
False, blood calcium still remains normal as bones give up calcium to the blood (resulting in weak, oesteoporotic bones) - calcium in blood **must be maintained** because it is involved in **important basic physiological processes** like muscle contraction / nerve impulse transmission...
36
What is the consequence of calcium deficiency?
Osteoporosis - It is a silent disease and cannot be detected from blood samples (since bones can give up calcium when blood calcium is reduced, so blood sample will always have normal calcium conc)
37
What are the 2 trace minerals needed by the body?
1. Iron 2. Zinc
38
The amount of trace minerals depends on? [2]
1. Soil and water composition 2. Food processing methods -- cooking with an iron pan can provide supplemental iron and add iron to diet
39
Trace mineral deficiencies only affects children, and is easy to recognise. True or False?
False, it affects people of all ages and it is hard to recognise
40
What are the 3 functions of iron in the body?
1. Cofactor in redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions -- switches between ferric state (Fe2+) and ferrous state (Fe3+) 2. **Part of electron carriers** 3. Found in heme group of hemoglobin and myoglobin (hemoproteins which carry oxygen in blood)
41
How does the body conserve and maintain iron levels?
Primarily through absoprtion. - Iron needed = body absorbs iron - Iron not needed = body does not absorbed and excreted
42
What are the 2 kinds of iron, and which is more easily absorbed by the body?
1. Heme iron (more easily absorbed) 2. Non-heme iron
43
Plant sources contain what percentage of heme and non-heme iron?
100% non heme
44
Animal sources contain what percentage of heme and non-heme iron?
- Heme iron : 40% - Non-heme iron : 60%
45
How many percent of our daily iron intake is from heme iron, and how many percent is from non-heme iron?
10% intake from heme iron, 90% intake from non-heme iron
46
What are the 7 roles of zinc in the body?
1. **B**ehaviour and learning performance 2. **I**mmune function 3. **G**rowth and development 4. **Ge**ne expression 5. **S**ynthesis, storage and release of insulin 6. **S**perm production 7. **T**aste perception ## Footnote BIGGSST --> biggest" with an extra S
47
What is the main food source of zinc? [1]
Protein-rich foods
48
Once absorbed, how is zinc transported into the bloodstream? [2]
1. Some zinc is bound to the protein albumin in the blood. 2. Zinc can also bind to transferrin, a protein that is more commonly associated with transporting iron. This interaction can interfere with the transport of iron.
49
Where and how is zinc recycled?
- Where : in small intestine - How : absorbed and released multiple times through a process known as enteropancreatic circulation (zinc is used to synthesise pancreatic enzymes --> released into small intestine --> pancreatic enzymes absorbed by small intestine into blood stream --> gets back into pancreas --> resecreted by pancreas for digestion)
50
How is zinc lost/excreted?
Through faeces and urine
51
52
What is a way to improve zinc absorption and reduce zinc losses?
splitting the daily zinc dose into two doses
53
What are the 3 consequences of zinc deficiency?
1. Growth retardation 2. Impaired immune response 3. Damage to central nervous system
54
What is the consequence of zinc toxicity?
Interference with copper metabolism
55
Which 3 micronutrients maintain fluid and electrolyte balance?
Mineral ions 1. Sodium 2. Potassium 3. Chloride
56
What micronutrients are essential for bone health? [8]
Vitamins: 1) Vit C (collagen) 2) Vit A (remodelling) 3) Vit D (calcium absorption) 4) Vit K Minerals 5) Calcium 6) phosphorus **7) magnesium 8) fluoride**
57
For bone health, calcium and phosphorous are important in ?
Bone mineralisation (deposition of minerals on the bone matrix for the development of bone.)
58
For bone health, Mg and Fluoride are important for?
**Stabilising** bone mineralization.
59
For bone health, what is the role of vitamin C?
Vitamin C increases production of collagen (part of the structure of bone).
60
For bone health, what is the importance of Vitamin K?
**3 proteins in the bone** are dependent on vitamin K
61
For bone health, what is the importance of Vitamin A?
Bone remodelling in children
62
For bone health, what is the importance of Vitamin D?
Vitamin D is important in the absorption of Calcium from the diet
63
What micronutrients are important for healthy blood? [4]
**Vitamins** 1) Vit K 2) Folate (Vit B9) 3) Vit B12
**Mineral** 4) Iron ....................
64
What micronutrients are important for energy metabolism?
Vitamin B complexes
65
What are the 4 minerals involved in enzymes that defend against free radicals?
Copper. selenium, manganese, zinc
66
67
Superoxide Dimutase (SOD) eliminates superoxide radicals. Extracellular and cystolic SOD require ____ and ____ as cofactors, while mitochondria SOD require ____ as cofactors
Extracellular and cystolic SOD : Zinc, Copper Mitochondria : Maganese
68
Gluthathione Peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides. Extracellular, cytosolic and mitochondria requires ____ as cofactor.
Selenium
69
How does Vit E and Beta-carotene (precursor of Vit A) show antioxidant activity?
Provides hydrogen to terminate chain propogating reactions (free radicals reacting with other radicals)
70
Where is How does Vit E and Beta-carotene (precursor of Vit A) found near (inside a cell)
Near or in cell membranes (lipid phospholipid bilayer) since they are fat soluble
71
Where is Vitamin C found?
Aqueous region (blood and cytosol of cells)
72
How does Vitamin C show antioxidant activity?
Provides electrons to reduce superoxide radicals

FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition (10 decks)

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