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FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition > W8 : Minerals > Flashcards

W8 : Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major minerals?

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Calcium
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2
Q

What are the 2 trace minerals? (required in small amounts)

A
  1. Iron
  2. Zinc
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3
Q

What are the roles of sodium? [4]

A
  1. Principal cation of extracellular fluid which regulates fluid balance and volume
  2. Acid-base balance
  3. Nerve impulse transmission
  4. Muscle contraction
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4
Q

Where are the 4 main sources of sodium in the diet?
(including other sodium salts like sodium benzoate, NOT JUST SODIUM CHLORIDE)

A
  1. 5% added during cooking
  2. 6% added at the table
  3. 12% naturally occurring
  4. 77% food processing – as food is more processed, more processing aids like salt is needed to stabilize final product
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5
Q

What is the consequence ofsodium deficiency?

A

Hyponatremia – lower than baseline sodium content

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6
Q

What are the 2 consequences of sodium toxicity?

A
  1. Edema (swelling)
  2. High blood pressure

Sodium toxcity is acute – fatal or cause damage to target organs as a result of a single exposure or exposure of short duration.

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7
Q

What is the consequence of chronic high salt intake?

A

Increased risk of hypertension

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8
Q

What is the consequence of having too much sodium?

A

Bone loss (oesteoporosis) – high salt intake associated with increased calcium excretion

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9
Q

Potassium is an extracellular or intracellular ion?

A

Intracellular

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10
Q

What are the roles of potassium in the body? [3]

A
  1. Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. Maintain cell integrity (since it is inside cell)
  3. Aids in nerve impulse transmission (signalling) and muscle contraction
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11
Q

What is the main food source of potassium?

A

Fresh foods are richest sources of potassium
- meat/fruits/vege/milk/grains

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12
Q

What are the consequences of potassium deficiency? [2]

A
  1. Increase in blood pressure
  2. Salt sensitivity : if person eats a normal level of sodium, blood pressure may increase increase by a lot
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13
Q

What is the consequence of potassium toxicity?

A

When there is excess potassium, kidneys work to remove excess potassium by accelerating excretion in urine → if kidneys not able to remove → abnormal heartbeat

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14
Q

Potassium toxicity results from overconsumption of ____ ____ (2 words) or ____.

A

Potassium salts, supplements

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15
Q

When the body needs calcium, where is it drawn from?

A

Bones, which act as calcium bank

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16
Q

Majority of calcium in our body is found in our ____ and ____.

A

bones, teeth

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17
Q

What are the roles of calcium salts in bones? [2]

A

Calcium salts form crystals with phosphate to form hydroxyapatite
1. Offers strength and rigidity to maturing bones
2. Bone remodelling

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18
Q

What is the role of calcium in teeth?

A

Strengthens the enamel on the outside of your teeth, which helps ward off decay (dental health)

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19
Q

What compound in teeth helps to stabilise calcium crystals?

A

Fluoride

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20
Q

What are the roles of calcium in bodily fluids? (extracellular and intracellular) [6]

A

1) Maintain normal blood pressure
2) Extracellular calcium helps in blood clotting

Intracellular calcium:
3) Regulation of muscle contraction (sarcoplasmic reticulum :D)
4) Transmission of nerve impulses
5) Secretion of hormones
6) Activation of some enzymatic reactions – cofactors for various enzymes including those involved in digestion and energy production

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21
Q

What are the usual sources of calcium? [5]

A

1. Broccoli
2. Milk
3. Plain yogurt
4. Cheese
5. Tofu

Mainly dairy

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22
Q

How many % of calcium ingested is absorbed by adult body?

A

30

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23
Q

What are the 2 Excellent, and sometimes unusual sources of calcium?

A
  1. Sardines
  2. Bok choy (chinese cabbage)
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24
Q

What are the 2 factors affecting calcium absorption?

A
  1. Stomachs low pH (acidity) helps to solubilise calcium and increases absopriton
  2. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption by stimulating the production of calcium-binding proteins in the intestines.
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25
Q

What is the recommended intake of calcium?

A

Recommended calcium intake is set at a level high enough to account for the fact that only 30% of ingested calcium is absorbed.

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26
Q

What is the cortical bone, and does it release calcium into bloodstream when body needs calcium?

A
  • The cortical bone forms the hard outer shell of bones
  • releases calcium into bloodstream when body needs it at a slow and steady rate
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27
Q

The Trabecular bone is not able to give up calcium when dietary intake is insufficient. True or False?

A

False, it can give up calcium into bloodstream

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28
Q

The health and density of the trabecular bone is influenced by which 2 factors?

A
  1. body’s day-to-day calcium intake
  2. its overall need for calcium
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29
Q

What effects are there on trabecular bone if there is insufficient calcium intake? [2]

A

weakened trabecular bone and an increased risk of fractures.

30
Q

What are the 3 major bone cells involved in bone remodelling?

A
  1. Oesteoblast
  2. Oesteoclast
  3. Oesteocyte
31
Q

Bone remodelling

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

It is involved in bone formation and deposits calcium and phosphrous into collagen framework

32
Q

Bone remodelling

Oesteoblasts mature into ____?

A

Oesteocytes

33
Q

Bone remodelling

What are the functions of Osteoclasts? [2]

A

“Remodelling”
2. Secretes acid and proteases to break down bone matrix
3. Involved in bone resorption of minerals– after get broken down, minerals released into blood

34
Q

How does bone mass and calcium correlate with age?

A
  1. Childhood and adolescence : bone acquiring stage, bone calcium increases.
  2. Late 20s : peak bone mass reached
  3. Late adulthood : bone-losing decades (Begins at 30-40 years of age), thus loss of calcium from bones too
35
Q

When there is a dietary deficiency of calcium, blood calcium decreases. True or False?

A

False, blood calcium still remains normal as bones give up calcium to the blood (resulting in weak, oesteoporotic bones)
- calcium in blood must be maintained because it is involved in important basic physiological processes like muscle contraction / nerve impulse transmission…

36
Q

What is the consequence of calcium deficiency?

A

Osteoporosis
- It is a silent disease and cannot be detected from blood samples (since bones can give up calcium when blood calcium is reduced, so blood sample will always have normal calcium conc)

37
Q

What are the 2 trace minerals needed by the body?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Zinc
38
Q

The amount of trace minerals depends on? [2]

A
  1. Soil and water composition
  2. Food processing methods – cooking with an iron pan can provide supplemental iron and add iron to diet
39
Q

Trace mineral deficiencies only affects children, and is easy to recognise. True or False?

A

False, it affects people of all ages and it is hard to recognise

40
Q

What are the 3 functions of iron in the body?

A
  1. Cofactor in redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions – switches between ferric state (Fe2+) and ferrous state (Fe3+)
  2. Part of electron carriers
  3. Found in heme group of hemoglobin and myoglobin (hemoproteins which carry oxygen in blood)
41
Q

How does the body conserve and maintain iron levels?

A

Primarily through absoprtion.
- Iron needed = body absorbs iron
- Iron not needed = body does not absorbed and excreted

42
Q

What are the 2 kinds of iron, and which is more easily absorbed by the body?

A
  1. Heme iron (more easily absorbed)
  2. Non-heme iron
43
Q

Plant sources contain what percentage of heme and non-heme iron?

A

100% non heme

44
Q

Animal sources contain what percentage of heme and non-heme iron?

A
  • Heme iron : 40%
  • Non-heme iron : 60%
45
Q

How many percent of our daily iron intake is from heme iron, and how many percent is from non-heme iron?

A

10% intake from heme iron, 90% intake from non-heme iron

46
Q

What are the 7 roles of zinc in the body?

A
  1. Behaviour and learning performance
  2. Immune function
  3. Growth and development
  4. Gene expression
  5. Synthesis, storage and release of insulin
  6. Sperm production
  7. Taste perception

BIGGSST –> biggest” with an extra S

47
Q

What is the main food source of zinc? [1]

A

Protein-rich foods

48
Q

Once absorbed, how is zinc transported into the bloodstream? [2]

A
  1. Some zinc is bound to the protein albumin in the blood.
  2. Zinc can also bind to transferrin, a protein that is more commonly associated with transporting iron. This interaction can interfere with the transport of iron.
49
Q

Where and how is zinc recycled?

A
  • Where : in small intestine
  • How : absorbed and released multiple times through a process known as enteropancreatic circulation (zinc is used to synthesise pancreatic enzymes –> released into small intestine –> pancreatic enzymes absorbed by small intestine into blood stream –> gets back into pancreas –> resecreted by pancreas for digestion)
50
Q

How is zinc lost/excreted?

A

Through faeces and urine

51
Q
A
52
Q

What is a way to improve zinc absorption and reduce zinc losses?

A

splitting the daily zinc dose into two doses

53
Q

What are the 3 consequences of zinc deficiency?

A
  1. Growth retardation
  2. Impaired immune response
  3. Damage to central nervous system
54
Q

What is the consequence of zinc toxicity?

A

Interference with copper metabolism

55
Q

Which 3 micronutrients maintain fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

Mineral ions
1. Sodium
2. Potassium
3. Chloride

56
Q

What micronutrients are essential for bone health? [8]

A

Vitamins:
1) Vit C (collagen)
2) Vit A (remodelling)
3) Vit D (calcium absorption)
4) Vit K

Minerals
5) Calcium
6) phosphorus
7) magnesium
8) fluoride

57
Q

For bone health, calcium and phosphorous are important in ?

A

Bone mineralisation (deposition of minerals on the bone matrix for the development of bone.)

58
Q

For bone health, Mg and Fluoride are important for?

A

Stabilising bone mineralization.

59
Q

For bone health, what is the role of vitamin C?

A

Vitamin C increases production of collagen (part of the structure of bone).

60
Q

For bone health, what is the importance of Vitamin K?

A

3 proteins in the bone are dependent on vitamin K

61
Q

For bone health, what is the importance of Vitamin A?

A

Bone remodelling in children

62
Q

For bone health, what is the importance of Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is important in the absorption of Calcium from the diet

63
Q

What micronutrients are important for healthy blood? [4]

A

Vitamins
1) Vit K
2) Folate (Vit B9)
3) Vit B12

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Mineral
4) Iron

………………..

64
Q

What micronutrients are important for energy metabolism?

A

Vitamin B complexes

65
Q

What are the 4 minerals involved in enzymes that defend against free radicals?

A

Copper. selenium, manganese, zinc

66
Q
A
67
Q

Superoxide Dimutase (SOD) eliminates superoxide radicals.
Extracellular and cystolic SOD require ____ and ____ as cofactors, while mitochondria SOD require ____ as cofactors

A

Extracellular and cystolic SOD : Zinc, Copper
Mitochondria : Maganese

68
Q

Gluthathione Peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides. Extracellular, cytosolic and mitochondria requires ____ as cofactor.

A

Selenium

69
Q

How does Vit E and Beta-carotene (precursor of Vit A) show antioxidant activity?

A

Provides hydrogen to terminate chain propogating reactions (free radicals reacting with other radicals)

70
Q

Where is How does Vit E and Beta-carotene (precursor of Vit A) found near (inside a cell)

A

Near or in cell membranes (lipid phospholipid bilayer) since they are fat soluble

71
Q

Where is Vitamin C found?

A

Aqueous region (blood and cytosol of cells)

72
Q

How does Vitamin C show antioxidant activity?

A

Provides electrons to reduce superoxide radicals

FST2201 : Introduction to human nutrition (10 decks)

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