W8 - Performance Monitoring Flashcards
What is performance monitoring
Identification and correction of differences between an intended and executed response
Neuropsych symptoms of performance monitoring
- ) Unawareness
- The difference between knowing and doing - ) Perseverative behaviour:
- Persevere in a particular way. Repeated and habitual behaviour that doesn’t achieve intended goal. - ) Lack of insight:
- e.g. denial
Cocaine Users during a GO-NOGO revealed by fMRI. What is the caveat
Hypoactivity:
- Lower activity in ACC after mistake.
However, this could be due to a number of different explanations: task is too boring, doesn’t evoke enough emotion when a mistake is made etc.
What is the ERN
Negative electrical potential (ERN) occurs in medial frontal region (ACC) approx 50 to 100ms after making an error
What is ERN related to?
Amplitude of the ERN = Error awareness
Co-varies with the individual confidence with which an answer was made (higher amplitude in aware errors for confident subjects)
What is the “Rabbitt effect” and who shows it
SZ patients show a diminished error-related response,
or “Rabbitt” effect: post-error slowing of response times
Hypoactive ERN. Which group ALSO show it
Alzheimer’s disease; alcoholics; borderline personality disorder; medication-naïve adolescents with ADHD
What is the group which shows hyperactive ERN
OCD. ONLY CONDITION that heightened error-related ACC and ERN response (in students as well)
What does the error-related NEURAL activity represent
- Motivational/emotional impact of an error
- Response conflict
- Reward was less than expected
How does ERN represent Conflicting Monitoring and what is the caveat
ACC activity during an error correlates with slowing of response speed on the following trial (Reflect that trials have greater response conflict)
Caveat: Separating the response from accuracy feedback results in greater ACC
activity for the feedback, when compared to response
The neural bases of Human Error Processing. What does it mean
Error related activity = decrease in dopemine
Correct responses = increase in dopemine
ACC transmits the value of the response to regions critical to the behaviour (e.g., dlPFC for response inhibition, or hippocampus for learning)
What is the underlying principle underlying human behaviour
Prediction error:
The greater the magnitude of prediction error (represented by dopemine cell activity)»_space;> Likely behaviour will be ‘successful’
How does ACC relate to prediction error. What is the evidence
ACC activity reflected outcome relative to prediction/expectation
Evidence: Gambling Task
ERN was influenced more by relative loss/gain, than whether a participants was correct/incorrect
(Gain + Correct and Loss + Error > Gain + Error and Loss + Correct)
Non-human primates and ACC. What does it suggest
ACC leison = No impair of performance after error = unable to sustain rewarded responses
> Unable to integrate feedback over time, or risk of relative choices
Role of the ACC in integrating the value of outcome information
Cognitive reinforcement learning in Parkinsonism
Patients off medication (Low Dopemine): Better learning from punishment than reward
Patients on medication (High Dopemine): Better learning from reward than punishment
Genetically difference in learning
Low midbrain dopamine receptors = learn better from reward
whereas ‘typical’ pattern is to learn more from negative feedback
What is Error Awareness Task
Colour words printed in congruent or incongruent ink (as in a Stroop Task).
Majority of stimuli were congruent words = Go
Minority of stimuli were (a) incongruent/(b) repeated words = NoGo
Leads to many NoGo errors that subjects are not aware of.
Neural mechanisms involved in error processing: a comparison of errors made with and without awareness. What is the region found/neural correlates of awareness
ACC activity was necessary but not sufficient for awareness. Insula and parietal activity predicted awareness
ACC was part of error awareness, the insula cortex was critical to awareness (shown by GSR)
What do experience of alien control in SZ patients reflect
Reflect a disorder in central monitoring
Why do drug addicts not seek help
It is partly due to lower awareness = don’t realize need for help
What do chronic cocaine users show in the presence of intact performance adjustments
- Poorer inhibitory control performance
- Significant poorer awareness of inhibitory failures
Cocaine users only show reduced error awareness in repeated trial errors, not incongruent stimuli
Drug addicts and error awareness. what has been found and what is the underlying biology
Demonstrate poor awareness of errors that was independent of task performance (not by making more errors).
Associated with reduced activity in both ACC and insula
Which groups show low error awareness
ADHD, Schizophreina, Traumatic Brain Injury, Alzheimer
Why do cocaine users show hypoactive ERN
- ERN is associated with reduced insight into effects of drug use
- ERN predicted likelihood of relapse
What happened to smokers when the insula is damaged. Why
Likely to quit.
Insula critical to awareness of cravings > lost cravings
How does the insula and ACC work together
Insula: Limbic sensory. Site of awareness on basis of afferent representaitons
ACC: Motor cortices. Initiation of behaviour.
What drug enhances ERN
Noradrenergies (Yohimbine)
What drug enhances both IC and ERN
Methlyphenidate (MPH) or Ritilin
Underpinned by both dACC and IPL changes
What is the basics of learning. Neural mechanisms in a nutshell
Remember = Reactivate synapses use for previous encoding = Open initial plasticity (reinforce/weaken)
Meaningful encoding in a broader framework + Frequent retrieval = Durable Representations.
What are the results of the monetary GnG Task - Control vs Cocaine Dependent
Punishment = Significant improved performance for both groups, though controls were significantly more sensitive to punishment then CD
CD failed to show post error adaptive behaviour
- Only during the punishment condition
Neurally, explain the CD participants response in the monetary GnG task.
Dminshed behavioural response to punishment was associated with hypoactive error-related response to punishment in key regions: dACC and Insula
dACC and right insula correlated with post-error slowing
What does the paired-associative learning task show
Tease apart whether gamblers in gambling task is due to failed learning / impulse
What were the results of the associative learning task - Neural results. What is the implication
- ACC activity predicts mistake learning
- High mPFC activity during corrected error associated with high hippocampus activity level
ACC encodes the degree which resulting information should influence future decision
What were the results of the associative learning task when punishment is involved - Neural results. What is the implication
- ACC not modulated by punishment/size of penalty
- Insula and pMFC modulated by punishment/size of penalty
(No Money) Paired-associative learning in cannabis users - Behavioural results
Reduced ability to correct
(No Money) Paired-associative learning in cannabis users - Neural results
Right dACC. Low activation. Does not increase in corrected mistake
Hippocampus. Low activation. does not increase in corrected mistake (Probably related to ACC’s connection to hippocampus)