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IO1 > W7: International Peace and Security > Flashcards

W7: International Peace and Security Flashcards

Lecture 7

1
Q

TERM

War

A

While it is a contested concept, here it can be defined as originated violence between two or more political entities

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2
Q

TERM

Ceasefire

A

A temporary agreement to stop fighting in order to discuss and negotiate peace

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3
Q

TERM

Conflict prevention

A

Diplomatic measures to keep tensions from escalating to violence

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4
Q

TERM

Peacekeeping

A

Supports implementation of a peace agreement (can be monitoring or sending troops to deter escalation)

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5
Q

TERM

Peacemaking

A

Efforts to bring belligerents in the ongoing conflict to a negotiated agreement

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6
Q

TERM

Peace enforcement

A

Use of coercive measures to restore international peace and security

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7
Q

TERM

Peacebuilding

A

enhancing a state’s capacity in order to reduce the risk of relapsing back into conflict

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7
Q

TERM

preventive diplomacy

A

involving confidence-building measures, fact-finding and preventive deployment of UN-authorised forces

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8
Q

TERM

Post-conflict peacebuilding

A

to develop the social, political and economic infrastructure to prevent further violence and consolidate peace

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9
Q

WAR

waging war if …

A

a political entity engages in organised violence

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9
Q

WAR

War can be ocnducted by … and …

A

state and non-state actors

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9
Q

WAR

Strategy

A

A plan to make the war serve a political purpose

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10
Q

WAR

Tactics

A

Techniques that armed forces use to win battles

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11
Q

Four Fundemental questions

A
  • What is security? (commodity vs. emancipation)
  • Whose security? (from nations to humans)
  • What is a security issue? (what is a threat?)
  • How can seucirty be achieved?
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12
Q

Security: 5 main sectors

Military security

A

Material capabilities for amred offesnive/defensive and the perceptions of each other’s (states’) intentions (is country B a threat or an ally?)

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13
Q

Security: 5 main sectors

Political security

A

The security of governments depends on the faith of people in their legitimacy and the support of ideology. Without this, states/governments can become insecure (and potentially unstable) as their position and role are challenged

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14
Q

Security: 5 main sectors

Economic security

A

No country can be secure if it does not have resources, finance and a stable market to maintain its population

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15
Q

Security: 5 main sectors

Societal security

A

It includes language, culture, and religious and national identity and customs

16
Q

Security: 5 main sectors

Environmental security

A

It has become increasingly important. The environment (local and planetary biosphere) is essential to humans and all human enterprises

17
Q

UN

Disagreements regarding Chapter VII of the Charter led to a series of improvisation to address matters of peace and security

A
  • a procedure under which the Security Council agreed to mandate an agent to aft on its behalf. The procedure was used in the korean and Gulf Wars. Un members (usually US allies) would deploy forces on the UN’s behalf
  • Many peacekeeping missions were undertaken
18
Q

UN

Chapter VII: Article 39

A

The Security Council decides if there is a thrreatto/breach of peace or an act of aggression. It can make recommendations or decides on measures

19
Q

UN

UN peacebuilding

3 -

A
  • Identifying and supporting structures to strengthen and solidify peace and prevent a return to conflict
  • Stability can be achieved via various means (e.g. threat of force)
  • rarely fo conflicts have a single cause –> efforts to address any cause can be peacebuilding
20
Q

UN

Un after the Cold War

5 -

A
  • Civil conflict (such as refugee flows and regional instability, in many places including Europe, specifically the Balkans), humanitarian emergencies, violations of human rights and problems like poverty and inequality posed a challenge to global peace after an era of relative stability
  • Peacekeeping operations of the UN rapidly expanded in the 1990s
  • The conflicts addressed were not only international but also civil
  • UN peacekeepers were often targeted
  • To this day, the UN retains its role in peacekeeping
21
Q

The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP)

Three pillars

A
  • The responsibility of the state vis-a-vis its population (from genocide, war crimes, etc.)
  • The responsibility of the international community to ecnourage states to fulfil their responsibilities (addressing cause of atrociaties), and build a capacity for prevention
  • The responsibility of the international community to take timely and decisive action to protect populations through diplomatic, humanitarian and other means. Case-by-case, by more forceful means.
22
Q

European Security

Cologne summit (1999) ESDP

A

common European policy on security and defense

22
Q

The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP)

Resolution of 1970

A
  • response to violence in Libya imposing measures
  • it referred to the RtoP
  • when the Gadaffi regime failed to comply, the use of force was authorised. The Council declared Alassa Ouatarra to be president of the country
  • critics laimed that the UN overstepped by forcibly changing the regime and using disproportionate force. This increased risks for the population and halted further ppolitcal dialogue
23
Q

European Security

Lisbon treaty: CSDP

A

converted into the common security and defence policy

24
Q

European Security

Goals of the CSDP

A
  • To enhance the Union’s ability to intervene in international security affairs through an internal process of institutional development
  • to give the EU the practical means of intervening through coordination and pooling of military and civilian capabilities
25
Q

European Security

However, understanding/definition of security is unclear under the Treaties

A
  • the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) is more linked to Foreign Affair (other, non-military forms of security)
  • CSDP would be the responsibility of the Defence Minsitries (military security)
26
Q

European Security

CSDP forms part of CFSP which leads to …

A

similar and connected decision-making on them

27
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

1970s

A
  • conference on Seucirty and cooperatoin in Europe (CSCE)
  • Created as a multilateral forum for dialogue and negotiations between East and West during the Cold War
28
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

the Helsinki Act

A

Key commitments on politico-military, economic environmental and human rights issues

28
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

Paris summit (1990)

A
  • new course for the CSCE
  • renamed to OSCE in 1994
29
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

aim and purpose

A
  • building and sustaining stability, peace and democracy through political dialogue and projects
  • 34 countries are also EU/Nato members
  • Issues: arms control, terrorism, good governance, energy security, human trafficking, democratisation, media freedom, national minorities
  • prevents conflict, manages crises and promotes post-conflict rehabilitation
30
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

problem

A

its powers are limited by the fact that it does not have legal personality.
it cannot make binding decisions and neither can it enforce them.
it is entirely up to the political will of its members

31
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

OSCE Minsk group

A
  • concerning Nagoro-Karabakh, the annexation of Crimea, Abkhazia and South Ossetia
  • Minsk Group seeks peacefully negotiated solutions to the conflicts
  • Unsuccesful
32
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

Does the OSCE still serve as a forum for dialogue?

A
  • the OSCE has failed to become a decision-making organ as such. It is unable to enforce its decision (no political, diplomatic, economic or military capabilities to do so)
  • while it has tried to resolve frozen conflicts, each time it failed
33
Q

OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperatoin in Europe

Reasons it failed

A
  • Russia’s policy has become more pragmatic, selective and instrumentalist. Im its efforts to undermine Western institutions and push its own agenda, it started making its own individual peace proposals (without Western powers).
  • political interests pla a role in determining the agneda of the OSCE. Two of the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk group are Russia and the USA. Both sides have their own individual, conflicting interest. The relationship of Russia and the West has especially detoriated since the invasion of Crimea
  • The EU’s conflict apporach has not been consistent either. While it supported the territorial integrity of Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia, it did not fot Azerbaijan. Politcal considerations matter
  • the US has been withdrawing its involvement
  • the members lack political will
34
Q

Theoretical debates

realism

A

Permanent peace is impossible, but there are ways to imporve stability and extend periods of peace
–> e.g. via balance of powers politics and stopping hegemons from forming

35
Q

Theoretical debates

Neorealism

A

the structure of the international system can cause national seucrity/insecurity.
states compete for seucirty (even if wars are constant).
they accept cooperation as a possibility, but to a limited extent

35
Q

Theoretical debates

feminist approach

A

while most traditional theories of IR have focused on the role of the state, feminists have tried introducing gender into the equation.
the study of international seucirty has been conducted from a masculine point of view.

36
Q

Theoretical debates

Constructivism

A

strucutres of IP are socially constructed.
norms, ideas, values and the way we think about IR can help determine whether security or insecurity prevails

37
Q

Theoretical debates

Liberal institutionalism

A

institutions provide oppurtunities to cooperate, also on security issues.
developing pattern of institutionalised cooperation among states opens up unprecendented oppurtunities to achieve greater international seucirty in years ahead
–> although past characterised by constant wars/conflict: important changes took place in IR
–> argued and created oppurtunity to mitigate traditional security competition between states

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