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W6: International Energy Actors Flashcards

Lecture 6

1
Q

TERMS

energy security

A

availability, affordability, accesibility, sustainability/reliability and acceptability

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2
Q

TERMS

Energy

A

can be considered as system with both technical (e.g. pipelines, tankers, wind mills, etc) and social (lifestyles, regulation)

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3
Q

TERMS

‘Rentier state’

A

state that relies heavily on income from export of natural resources, especially oil and gas

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4
Q

TERMS

Resource curse / resource abundance

A

holds that abundance of natural resources is correlated with poor economic performance low levels of democracy and civil war; also referred to as ‘paradox of plenty’

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5
Q

TERMS

Resource scarcity & Malthusianism

A

insufficiency of supply, smallness of available quantity, number of amounts, in proportion to the need or demand –> physical availability of natural resources is limtied and if gap between demand and availability increases then scarcity, competition and eventually violence will ensue

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6
Q

TERMS

energy poverty

A

lack of access to sustainable modern energy services and products –> situation in which person has difficulty obtaining the necessary energy in home to meet basic needs because of inadequate resources or living conditions

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7
Q

TERMS

energy equity

A

accessibilty & affordability of energy

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8
Q

TERMS

Tragedy of the commons

A

where there is unrestricted access to resource that is owned by no one, there will be incentive for individuals to grab as much as they can and, if resource is finite, there will come a time when it is ruined by over-exploitation as short-term interests of individual users overwhelm the longer-run collective interest in sustaining the resource

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9
Q

Historical background: Seven sisters

A
  1. Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (now BP)
  2. Gulf Oil (later part of Chevron)
  3. Royal Dutch Shell
  4. Standard Oil Company of California (now Chevron)
  5. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (Esso, later Exxon, now exxonMobil)
  6. Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony -> Mobil -> part of ExxonMobil)
  7. Texaco (later merged into Chevron
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10
Q

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: SEVEN SISTERS

between 1940s and 1970s:

A
  • big energy companies that dominated international oil trade
  • struggle focused on Middle East: power of UK, FR and US –> competition
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11
Q

EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC

OPEC (…) founded in …

A

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, in 1960

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12
Q

EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC

Aim

A

to reduce dependence on the international oil companies by discussing royalties and tax questions, not as a cartel to set prices and quotas

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13
Q

EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC

OAPEC (…), direct result of …,

A

Organisation of Arab Petroleum, of third Arab-Israeli war of June 1967

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13
Q

EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC

OAPEC purpose:

A

to prevent Arab oil from reaching any country that was supporting Israel

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14
Q

EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC

OAPEC created by three countries:

A

Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya

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15
Q

IMPORTING COUNTRIES: THE OECD

OECD (…) eveloved in …. out of the ….. (OEEC) created by Western European countries to coordinate …

A

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development, 1961, Organisation for European Economic Cooperation, the aid given to Europe under Marshall plan

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15
Q

REPLY FROM IMPORTING COUNTRIES: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

IEA as autonomous agency of

A

OECD

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16
Q

REPLY FROM IMPORTING COUNTRIES: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

secretariat housed in Paris, ironic because

A

France did not join IEA -> wanted to maintain good (bilateral) relations with Arab countries

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16
Q

REPLY FROM IMPORTING COUNTRIES: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

2 principle functions IEA

A
  1. maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions –> required MS to maintain petroleum reserve equivalent to its consumption of net oil imports for certain period of time
  2. to act as a body for the development of policy, information sharing, and technology transfer –> principle activity
17
Q

REPLY FROM IMPORTING COUNTRIES: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

coordinated strategic oil stocks 3 times

A
  1. 1990: in reaction to Iraqi Invasion and First Gulf War
  2. 2005: in reaction to Hurricane Katrina and Rita
  3. 2011: in reaction to oil production decrease because of Libyan Civil War –> IEA used it sown sharing function BUT also, unsuccessful interventions (1979 Iranian Revolution)
18
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY FORUM

early 1990s: International energy forum (IEF)

A

biannual dialog energy consumers and producers

19
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY FORUM

now: more than .. countries participate, inluding all … and … members

A

80, IEA OPEC

20
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY FORUM

gives voice to important producing countries outside of …., such as …, …, …., as well as key importing countries outside the …, such as …, …, …

A

OPEC, Russia, Brazil, Mexico
IEA, India, China, South Africa

21
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY FORUM

discussions primarily on …, but increasingly extended to include …

A

oil markets, gas markets

21
# TRANSNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE transnational governance
efforts by these types of actors to address global issues such as energy is referred to as 'transnational governance'
22
# TRANSNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE transnational governance can take many forms: | 2 -
- some are structured as 'public-private partnerships', bringing together business actors, civil society groups, and governmental actors in joint efforts to address specific public policy problems, e.g. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) - another instance of transnational governance is 'private regimes' which involve non-state actors willing to commit to self-regulatory norms, standards and certification shcemes in give issue are, e.g. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
23
# GLOBAL ENERGY OUTLOOK .... remain dominant energy source
fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas)
24
# GLOBAL ENERGY OUTLOOK IEA estimates
cumulative investment of 37 trillion US dollars --> required to expand the world's energy supply infrastructure to meet expected market demand over the next 25 years
25
# GLOBAL ENERGY OUTLOOK - 1 billion people have no access to ... - 2.9 billion people rely on ....
- electricity in their homes - solid biomass (= fuel such as wood, agriculture)
26
# GLOBAL ENERGY OUTLOOK WHO estimates that approximately 4.3 million people die prematurely, every year, as result of ....
fumes from household air pollution
27
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE what is global governance?
growing complexity + collection of institutions will planetary reach - collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems and processes that went beyond capacities of individual states - variety of cooperativee problem-solving arrangements: laws and treaties, practices and guideluines, coalitions, vari
28
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE global governance
informal & formal ideas, values, norms, procedures, and institutions that help all actors - states, IGOs, civil society, and TNCs - to identify, understand, and address transboundary problems
29
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE global energy governance
process of 'making and enforcing rules to avoid the collective action problems related to energy at a scale beyond the nation-state; at a global level'
30
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE resource scarcity, sky-rocketing oil prices, energy poverty, and climate change, examples of
border-crossing energy related challenges, which needs collective management
30
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE growing role played by non-state actors such as...
Businesses, Civil society, Science organisations (REEEP)
31
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE existing insitutions failed to ...
develop the necessary rules, many have limited membership, mandated to address only small subset of energy issues, little to no coordination among them
32
# GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE Why is it necessary to govern energy globally? | 5 -
- challenges are transboundary in many ways - insufficient goernance at local or national level - consider international trade in oil - all countries that import or export petroleum are linked to it - since oil market operates as global system: no country can escape the pressures and vagaries of oil price fluctuations, which have become more pronounced in recent years
33
# What is it to be governed in global energy? ensuring energy security | 4 -
access to oil and natural gas, safety of infrastructures and transit areas
34
# What is it to be governed in global energy? combating energy poverty
quality and quantity of energy services, Millenium Development Goals: goal of ensuring universal access to modern energy services
35
# What is it to be governed in global energy? addressing environmental externalities
global warming, change, urban air pollution, and acid rain, contamination of the marine environment, nuclear energy as great danger of toxic nuclear radiation, biofuel crops may lead to soil degradation and deforestation, wind power requires construction of huge metal trubines --> requires substantial amounts of energy
36
# What is it to be governed in global energy? Managing domestic good governance
weak democratic institutions, misue of governemt revenues from oil and gas extraction by firms operating in repressive or poorly governed countries, human rights issue
37
# DEBATES Realist geopolitics
focus on conflict, how geographic factors interact with international relations --> politics of control over natural resources and the 'political intentions' behind it
38
# DEBATES Realist geopolitics combined with: | 3 -
- combined with (neo-)Malthusian assumptions about finite resources and unlimited demand - proposes a self-centered zero-sum struggle over the last ramianing resources in the world - highly state-centric theoretical position
39
# DEBATES neo-liberalism
focus on markets and institutions, non-zero-sum logic of neo-liberalism (win/win)
40
# DEBATES specifities neo-liberalism | 5 -
- cooperation is possible if there are absolute gains to be made and international institutions structure these - IR in favor of properly functioning energy markets - perceives markets as best ways to extract, distribute, and consume natural resources, globalisation and economic growth as positive forces that will improve environmental conditions - also place great faith in ability of modern science and technology to help societies slip out of any environmental binds that may occur - each of them question the power relations behind the respective systems of supply, distribution and consumption

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