W6: International Energy Actors Flashcards
Lecture 6
TERMS
energy security
availability, affordability, accesibility, sustainability/reliability and acceptability
TERMS
Energy
can be considered as system with both technical (e.g. pipelines, tankers, wind mills, etc) and social (lifestyles, regulation)
TERMS
‘Rentier state’
state that relies heavily on income from export of natural resources, especially oil and gas
TERMS
Resource curse / resource abundance
holds that abundance of natural resources is correlated with poor economic performance low levels of democracy and civil war; also referred to as ‘paradox of plenty’
TERMS
Resource scarcity & Malthusianism
insufficiency of supply, smallness of available quantity, number of amounts, in proportion to the need or demand –> physical availability of natural resources is limtied and if gap between demand and availability increases then scarcity, competition and eventually violence will ensue
TERMS
energy poverty
lack of access to sustainable modern energy services and products –> situation in which person has difficulty obtaining the necessary energy in home to meet basic needs because of inadequate resources or living conditions
TERMS
energy equity
accessibilty & affordability of energy
TERMS
Tragedy of the commons
where there is unrestricted access to resource that is owned by no one, there will be incentive for individuals to grab as much as they can and, if resource is finite, there will come a time when it is ruined by over-exploitation as short-term interests of individual users overwhelm the longer-run collective interest in sustaining the resource
Historical background: Seven sisters
- Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (now BP)
- Gulf Oil (later part of Chevron)
- Royal Dutch Shell
- Standard Oil Company of California (now Chevron)
- Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (Esso, later Exxon, now exxonMobil)
- Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony -> Mobil -> part of ExxonMobil)
- Texaco (later merged into Chevron
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: SEVEN SISTERS
between 1940s and 1970s:
- big energy companies that dominated international oil trade
- struggle focused on Middle East: power of UK, FR and US –> competition
EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC
OPEC (…) founded in …
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, in 1960
EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC
Aim
to reduce dependence on the international oil companies by discussing royalties and tax questions, not as a cartel to set prices and quotas
EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC
OAPEC (…), direct result of …,
Organisation of Arab Petroleum, of third Arab-Israeli war of June 1967
EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC
OAPEC purpose:
to prevent Arab oil from reaching any country that was supporting Israel
EXPORTATION COUNTRIES: OPEC & OAPEC
OAPEC created by three countries:
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya
IMPORTING COUNTRIES: THE OECD
OECD (…) eveloved in …. out of the ….. (OEEC) created by Western European countries to coordinate …
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development, 1961, Organisation for European Economic Cooperation, the aid given to Europe under Marshall plan
REPLY FROM IMPORTING COUNTRIES: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)
IEA as autonomous agency of
OECD
REPLY FROM IMPORTING COUNTRIES: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)
secretariat housed in Paris, ironic because
France did not join IEA -> wanted to maintain good (bilateral) relations with Arab countries