W7 Child development (birth => adolescence) Flashcards
Erikson belonged to which psychological school?
Erikson was a developmentalist
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life Span Development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
Basic conflict - Trust vs Mistrust (when, impt events, outcome)
When: Infancy (birth to 18 m.o.)
Impt event: Feeding
Outcome: Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Basic conflict - Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (when, impt events, outcome)
when: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
impt event: Toilet Training
outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Basic conflict - Initiative vs Guilt (when, impt events, outcome)
when: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
impt event: Exploration (children explore their environment, gain power over it)
outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Basic conflict - Industry vs Inferiority (when, impt events, outcome)
when: School Age (6 to 11 years)
impt event: School
outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Basic conflict - Identity vs Role Confusion (when, impt events, outcome)
when: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
impt event: Social Relationships
outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Why diff stages of psychological development important to medical practitioner? (2):
Doctors should be able to:
- identify abnormal patterns of development
- treat these appropriately
in order to minimise disturbances to physical and psychological growth.
Areas to Review on Child Development from Birth to Adolescence from a psychological perspective (5):
- Attachment
- Cognitive Development
- Language Development
- Social Development
- Moral Development
“the rule” of cognitive development:
development in stages, no stage can precede the other
How Jean Piaget (1954) theory began?
His theory began with the idea that the child’s mind is not a miniature version of an adult’s mind waiting to be filled with information.
child’s mind develops into an adult mind through
4 stages known as the stages of cognitive development that span from birth to the adolescent years
Equilibration -
assimilation + accomodation
we adjust our ideas to make sense of reality
Assimilation -
+ overextension -
process of matching external reality to an existing cognitive structure
overextension: pick some characteristic & use it f/ everything (anything w/ 4 legs = animal, anything white = snow)
Overextension leads to Accommodation:
When there is an inconsistency b/w the learner’s cognitive structure & the thing being learned, the child will reorganize their thoughts
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development:
- Sensorimotor (birth – 2 years)
- Preoperational (~2-7)
- Concrete operational (~7-11)
- Formal operations (~12-15)
Piaget believed that all children develop according to four stages based on how they see the world, the age may vary to some, but that we all go through the stages in the same order.
theory of mind -
- Difficulty of children to understand that others might have knowledge different than their own or that others do not know what they thing
- In medical practice this should be taken into consideration when dealing with young children
Sensorimotor stage (5):
• Explore the world through senses & motor activity
• Early on, baby can’t tell difference between themselves & the environment
• If they can’t see something then it doesn’t exist (object permanence)
• Begin to understand cause & effect
• Can later follow something with their eyes
Preoperational Stage (6):
• Better speech communication
• Can imagine the future & reflect on the past
• Develop basic numerical abilities
• Still pretty egocentric, but learning to be able to delay gratification
• Can’t understand conservation of matter
• Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality (ex: cartoon characters are real people).
Conservation of matter -
understanding that something doesn’t change even though it looks different, shape is not related to quantity
Concrete operational Stage -
• Abstract reasoning ability & ability to generalize from the concrete increases
• Understands conservation of matter
Formal Operations
• Be able to think about hypothetical situations
• Form & test hypotheses
• Organize information
• Reason scientifically
Piaget: Development happens from one stage to another through…
interaction with the environment.
Piaget: Changes from stage to stage occur…
abruptly and kids will differ in how long they are in each stage
Piaget: Cognitive development can only happen…
after genetically controlled biological growth occurs
Piaget: Development leads to learning (4):
• Drive for development is internal
• The child can only learn certain things when they are at the right developmental stage.
• Environmental factors can influence but not direct development.
• Development will happen naturally through regular interaction with social environment.
